bio lab

What are nucleic acids?

Large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses.

What is the major function in nucleic acids?

Storage and expression of genomic information.

Gene:

short sequence of nucleic acid (DNA) contains instructions for protein synthesis.

Genome:

the entire nucleic acid (DNA) in nucleus contains both coding and non-coding regions.

Chromosomes:

the DNA tightly coiled around proteins (histones)

What’s is DNA short for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What is DNA?

double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms.

What nitrogen bases do DNA contains?

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).

What is RNA short for?

Ribonucleic Acid

What is RNA?

single-stranded molecule made up of nucleotides that plays a vital role in the synthesis of proteins and the expression of genetic information

What dose RNA consist of?

ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and four nitrogenous bases

what is nucleotide?

molecular building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

What dose nucleotides consist of?

A phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, nitrogen bases.

Purines:

double ring structure with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.

Pyrimidines:

smaller in size; they have a single six-membered ring structure

What is DNA replication?

the biological process through which a cell makesan identical copy of its DNA.

What is helicase?

It’s how replication begins at specific locations on the DNA molecule called origins of replication.

What’s the helicase job?

unwinds and separates the double-stranded DNA, creating a replication fork.

What is primase?

enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer complementary to the DNA template.

What dose the primer provide?

starting point for DNA synthesis.

Where is DNA synthesised continuously?

Leading strand

What happens on the lagging strand?

DNA is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined together by the enzyme ligase

Termination:

The replication process continues until the entire
DNA molecule has been copied.

Radiobiology:

the science that studies the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms.

What are positively charged atoms called?

Cations

What are negatively charged atoms called?

Anions

Acute exposure:

Redness of skin, nausea, hair loss, acute radiation syndrome

Chronic exposure:

Cancer, genetic mutation, cataracts, sterility

How dose radiation harms the cell?

damaging the DNA of cells. If this damage is not properly repaired, the cells may divide in an uncontrolled manner and cause cancer

direct effect:

directly damage a biomolecule by ionizing it or breaking its bonds.

Indirect effect:

can create an H2O+ ion, which reacts with H2O to form a hydroxyl radical, which in turn reacts with the biomolecule, causing damage indirectly