GEN BIO EXAM L1, L2, & L3

Reproduction

The process by which organisms produce new individuals of the same species.

Sexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a new organism.

Asexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction that does not involve gametes and produces genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

Stamen

A male reproductive part that produces pollen.

Pistil (Carpel)

A female reproductive part containing the ovule.

Pollination

The process of transferring pollen to the stigma of a flower.

Fertilization

The union of sperm from pollen with the egg in the ovule, leading to seed formation.

Binary Fission

Separation of the body into two new bodies common in single-celled organisms.

Budding

A new organisms develop from as an outgrowth from the parent body known as a bud once grown, the new organisms detaches from the parent body.

Fragmentation

The parent body breaks into several pieces where each piece grows into a new individual.

Vegetative Reproduction

A plant part such as leaves, stem, roots are use to reproduce new plants.

Testes (Testicles)

Produce sperm cells and the hormone testosterone.

Scrotum

The sac of skin that holds and protects the testes and keeps them at the right temperature.

Epididymis

A coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored.

Vas Deferens

A tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

Seminal Vesicle

Glands that produce seminal fluid that nourishes sperm.

Prostate Gland

Adds fluid to semen and helps sperm move.

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Gland)

Release fluid that lubricates and neutralizes acidity in the urethra.

Urethra

The tube that carries semen and urine out of the body.

P3nis

The external organ that delivers sperm into the female reproductive system during reproduction.

Ovaries

These are two small oval-shaped organs that produce egg cells (ova) and female hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts)

These tubes carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus. Fertilization usually happens here.

Uterus (Womb)

A hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a baby.

Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus that thickens every month to prepare for pregnancy and sheds during menstruation if pregnancy does not occur.

Estrogen

• A hormone responsible for the development of female characteristics during puberty.

Estrogen

• Helps in the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and regulation of the menstrual cycle.

Estrogen

• Helps thicken the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to prepare for possible pregnancy.

Progesterone

• A hormone that prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy.

Progesterone

• Helps keep the uterine lining thick so a fertilized egg can grow.

Progesterone

• If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels drop, which leads to menstruation (monthly period).

Cervix

The narrow lower part of the uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina.

Vagina

A muscular canal that receives sperm during sexual intercourse, allows menstrual flow to leave the body, and serves as the birth canal during childbirth.

Vulva

The external part of the female reproductive system, which includes the labia and clitoris.

Clitoris

A small sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva that is involved in sexual stimulation.

Gametogenesis

The process by which gametes (sex cells) are produced in organisms through meiosis.

Spermatogenesis

The formation of sperm cells, occurring in the testes and beginning at puberty.

Oogenesis

The formation of egg cells (ova), occurring in the ovaries and beginning before birth.

Zygote

The first cell of a new organism formed after fertilization.

Embryo

The earliest developmental stage of a multicellular organism occurring after fertilization and before becoming a fetus.

Implantation

The process where the fertilized egg (blastocyst) attaches to the lining of the uterus.

Gastrulation

A stage in early embryonic development where the embryo reorganizes into three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Amnion

A thin membrane that surrounds the embryo, containing amniotic fluid to protect it.

Chorion

The outermost membrane that surrounds all other membranes and helps in gas exchange.

Yolk Sac

Provides nutrients to the developing embryo and helps in the early formation of blood cells.

Allantois

Stores waste products produced by the embryo and helps with gas exchange.

Flower

The reproductive part of flowering plants that contains structures for pollination and fertilization.

Fertilization

The process where the male sperm cell joins with the female egg cell (ovum) to form a zygote. The zygote is the first cell of a new organism.

Internal Fertilization

Occurs inside the female body (humans, mammals, birds).

External Fertilization

Occurs outside the body, usually in water (frogs, fish).

Embryonic Stage

The period of development when the embryo forms and the basic body structures begin to develop. It occurs after fertilization and implantation.

Sepals

It Protects the Bud

Petals

It Attract Pollinators

Stigma

Sticky surface where pollen lands.

Style

Tube that connects stigma to ovary.

Ectoderm

Forms the skin and nervous system.

Mesoderm

Forms muscles, bones, and blood.

Endoderm

Forms the digestive system and internal organs.

Amniotic Fluid

Protects the embryo from shock and prevents dying.

Fetal Stage

WHEN THE BABY GROWS AND ITS ORGANS MATURE UNTIL BIRTH.

Systematic

Study of biological diversity and relationship among organisms.

Taxonomy

A science that deals with naming, describing, and classifying all living organisms, including plants.

Phylogenetics

The evolutionary relationship among species.

Taxis and Nomos

What are the 2 Greek words in Taxonomy?

Arrangement or Division

What is the meaning of Taxis?

Method

What is the meaning of Nomos?

Aristotle

A Greek philosopher that classified all the animals, Historia Animalium (History of Animals).

Aristotle

He divided animals into groups based on where they lived and how they moved: Land, Air, and Water Animals.

Aristotle

He also grouped animals by whether they had backbone (vertebrates) or no backbone (invertebrates).

Aristotle

Grouped creatures into Hierarchy.

Carl Von Linne

What is Carolus Linnaeus other name?

Carolus Linnaeus

• A Swedish botanist and explorer known as the “Father of Modern Taxonomy”.

• Developed the Linnaean System.

Taxonomic Classification System

A method of classifying and naming organisms. It is used to group plants, animals, and other living things based on their similarities.

Hierarchical Structure

• Organisms are grouped into progressively smaller, more specific, and closely related categories.

• Refers to the arrangement of classification levels from the broadest group to the most specific group.

Binomial System of Nomenclature

Created a scientific system.

Binomial Nomenclature

A two-name scientific naming system for organisms.

Genus and Specific Epithet

What are the two-part name in Binomial Nomenclature?

Latin

Rule 1: the name should be in ____?

Capital Letter and Lowercase Letter

Rule 2: the genus of an organism begins with a _______ and species designation begins with a _______?

Italicized and Underlined

Rule 3: the entire scientific name is _______ when typewritten or ________ when handwritten

Author

Rule 4: all taxa must have an ______ when described.

Nomenclature Codes

Scientists follow nomenclature codes to name organisms properly

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)

For algae, plants, and fungi:

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

For animals:

International Code of Nomenclature Bacteria (ICNB)

For Bacterias:

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

For Viruses:

Morphological Traits

The physical characteristics or features of an organism.

Developmental Traits

Characteristics of an organism that appear or change as it grows and develops, from embryo to adult.

Genetics Traits

Similarities of Human DNA and protein sequences to other animals.

91%

WHAT PORTION OF GENES DO HUMANS SHARE WITH CHIMPANZEE?

89%

WHAT PORTION OF GENES DO HUMANS SHARE WITH MOUSE?

85%

WHAT PORTION OF GENES DO HUMANS SHARE WITH COW?

80%

WHAT PORTION OF GENES DO HUMANS SHARE WITH CAT?

62%

WHAT PORTION OF GENES DO HUMANS SHARE WITH CHICKEN?