Skylar Gremillion Sociology 2001 test 3

Which of the following best describes sociological imagination?

an awareness of the relationship between one's own experiences and society

Sociologists use scientific research to ______

understand how society operates

A nurse notices that many patients living near a manufacturing center are experiencing breathing problems. He connects this to similar chronic illnesses and pollution problems in comparable neighborhoods nationwide. In this case, the nurse is using a sociological imagination

True

A woman sees two young males approaching on the street. She quickly crosses the street because she assumes they will cause trouble. What is this woman engaging in?

stereotyping

Prisha and Reyansh are a young married couple. Prisha notices that when they meet new people, they usually respond to her husband, Reyansh, first. Which of the following applies to Prisha's interpretation?

sociological eye

How would a sociologist learn more about how a given society functions

by conducting scientific research

______ is used to make connections between individual and societal viewpoints.

A sociological imagination

The individualistic perspective supports the idea that anyone can succeed as long as they work hard enough.

true

A sociological perspective can enable you to interact more successfully with individuals from different cultures.

True

Developing a sociological imagination can expand your ability to identify inconsistencies between individuals and the larger society.

false

In addition to using the sociological eye to observe social patterns, the second core commitment of sociology requires ______.

taking action to make a positive impact on society

The individualistic perspective argues that individuals ______

determine their own lives

A sociological eye allows you to recognize ______ in the larger society.

patterns

Sociology recognizes that individuals are ______ society.

active shapers of

What is the duality of sociology?

Individuals both influence and are influenced by society

Why is it important for voting citizens to understand the principles of sociology?

If they have a better understanding of how society works, they will make better decisions.

The second core commitment of sociology is to challenge existing social patterns in order to enact positive change

true

The first large-scale, empirical sociological research in the United States was conducted by W.E.B. Du Bois, and its objective was to ______

refute racist beliefs about African Americans

If a sociologist's findings deviate from the dominant theoretical explanation, then ______

the theory needs to be adjusted.

In assessing the accuracy and usefulness of research projects, we determine whether the results and findings are all of the following EXCEPT ______.

constant

Roger is creating a study for his Sociology 101 class. He is low on funds because he is a full-time student, so he accepts any volunteers who would like to participate as his sample base. What kind of sample does Roger have?

c. non-random

The most common form of data collection in sociology involves which of the following?

asking people to answer questions

Data analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT ______.

sampling

When it comes to reviewing research, many find that what they are actually interested in understanding is causation.

True

The distillation of raw data into useful information is known as ______.

c. data analysis

Pieces of information such as statistics, facts, and images are considered types of ______.

data

______ research seeks to answer a question and solve specific problems.

Applied

In order for research to be generalizable, ______ sampling must occur.

random

Which of the following is true about inductive reasoning?

b. Data collection and analysis precede the generation of ideas.

When researchers use a qualitative approach for research, some of their material may involve which of the following?

a visual representation

How would a research study be able to demonstrate causation?

a. by using a controlled laboratory experiment CorrectCorrect

Research that can be replicated producing the same results is said to be reliable.

true

How are research skills useful outside of the workplace?

b. They help us make better choices.

Research that begins with a prediction and then gathers data to test the idea is based on which of the following methods?

d. deductive research

A researcher conducts a survey of political opinions and tabulated the responses of each question in order to determine patterns and draw conclusions. Which of the following research activities is the researcher engaged in?

data analysis

A researcher conducts a study about student experiences in online classes. The researcher provides a label for the different responses so that they can be classified. What is the researcher doing?

coding

Researchers conduct a test to see if listening to music while taking a test influences the scores. They set up a classroom with students taking a test while music plays, and another classroom with another group of students taking the same test in quiet. The researchers then compared the results. Which aspect of this study would be considered a constant?

students

This type of society uses tools to develop crops and domestic animals, producing both on a large scale. What is the name of this type of society?

pastoral

Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal?

dancing

In the imaginary land of Tealtonia, multiple cultures exist at once. If these cultures exist among relative equals, and these equals respect each other, how can the society of Tealtonia be described?

multicultural

When something is uncomfortable or produces contrast or disorder that we want to relieve in some way, dissonance has occurred.

True

Christopher comes from a wealthy family, and ever since he was a little boy his father has sent Christopher to the best, most expensive schools. This has allowed Christopher to meet a lot of influential people and impress them with his background and learning. What is a term related to Christopher's education?

cultural capital

High culture and popular culture are developed in pastoral societies, due to relative wealth.

false

Our expectations about the appropriate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people in various situations are called ______.

norms

Unlike nonmaterial culture, material culture includes which of the following concepts?

artifacts

In Canada, both French and English are spoken. This is an example of ______.

multiculturalism

Which of the following is transmitted when children are taught early on how to act in public?

folkways

A student states that technological societies are better than agrarian societies. How would a sociologist respond based on cultural relativism?

. Each society needs to be judged on its own merits rather than compared to each other.

How do flat-screen TVs relate to culture?

They reflect the values of a material culture

A group of people interact via text messaging on their cell phones. Which of the following are they using to communicate?

b. material culture

A series of symbols used to communicate meaning among people is called aNo ______.

language

How do changes in societal norms interact with the legal system?

Changes in laws are a reflection of changes in norms

A group or society's characteristics that make it different from other groups or societies refers to which of the following?

culture

A group of close friends have devised their own set of hand signals to communicate with each other without anyone else understanding. How would sociologists explain this?

The group has socially constructed their own meanings

An individual who is able to accurately read the cues given off by others ______.

has a high level of social intelligence

People in the United States often fly the national flag as aNo ______ of their patriotism.

symbol

A person who is feeling negativity and disorder is experiencing which of the following?

dissonance

When society deems hard work and honesty as an attribute, they are assigning aNo ______ to those categories of behavior.

value

Cultural capital can be described by which of the following statements?

a principal related to education, style, appearance, and dress

The "generalized other" is expressed when one person makes a decision as to how an entire group should act or what it should do.

false

What do people use to "define the situation"?

ethnomethodology

Like his father before him, Nathan likes to enjoy a leisurely breakfast so that he can read the news. What does Nathan's emulation of his father's routine represent?

social reproduction

Gender socialization can affect us from birth, or even before.

True

Which of the following terms can explain the process of learning the identity and roles traditionally associated with one's sex?

c. gender socialization

Which of the following terms describes a closed organization in which a group of people lives following a structured routine?

c. total institution

Identity is a static idea of who each of us is as a person.

False

What is the most influential agent of socialization?

family

Ethnomethodology is the study of extraordinary means that individuals use to make sense of their social interactions.

False

In Mead's theory of childhood development, which of the following terms represents an unsocialized response to another's attitude?

d. taking the role of the other

Which of the following statements explains the concept of role conflict?

a. Your cat gets spooked by the vacuum and hides under the bed all day.

Cultural relativism is the idea that cultures cannot be ranked as better or worse relative to one another.

True

Which of the following statements describes a horticultural society?

d. People able to maintain basic sustenance in a single geographic location.

A set of statuses, roles, and traits that are unique to an individual are called a social identity.

true

In what type of society does consumer culture begin to appear?

c. industrial/postindustrial

From 1952 to the present, the American Psychological Association's DSM manual has more than doubled the number of diagnosable disorders it defines. What process does this represent?

c. medicalization of deviance

Multiple theories on deviance and crime focus on the idea of control. Which statement below matches the central idea of general strain theory?

c. Three types of tension lead to deviance and crime.

Chuck is caught late one Saturday night leaving a his "friend" Tommy's neighborhood. It is discovered that Chuck has slashed Tommy's car tires. Chuck rejects the idea that he's done anything wrong, saying that Tommy deserved it for cheating with Chuck's girlfriend. What neutralization strategy is Chuck enacting?

d. denial of responsibility IncorrectIncorrect AW SHit

Social norms identify deviants according to all of the following behavior rules EXCEPT ______.

sanctions

According to Durkheim's ideas about the normality of crime, a society without crime is impossible.

True

Which of the following terms is a compensatory strategy for managing a visible stigma?

acknowledgment

Which of the following is a subtype of the relativist perspective on deviance?

a. conflict/critical CorrectCorrect

Moral entrepreneurs are the only ones who believe their moral position.

false

Howard Becker described those who engage in deviance or crime and are labeled as such as "pure deviants."

true

All of the following personal factors may marginalize someone socially EXCEPT ______.

education

Which theory notes that someone is defined as deviant because others react to the person as such?

a. the labeling theory CorrectCorrect

How would the relativist perspective explain sneaking into a movie theatre to watch for free?

c. It is a deviant act only to the extent that culture regards it as deviant. CorrectCorrect

A group of basketball players enter a restaurant and they are much taller than everyone else. How would the statistical approach describe this group of basketball players?

c. They would be considered deviant based on their height. CorrectCorrect

A man dresses as a pirate and walks around town. How would the legalistic approach to deviance view this behavior?

a. The behavior would not be a problem based on this approach.

A woman accused of assault defends herself by explaining that the other person encouraged the attack by calling her names. Which of the following is occurring?

a. The woman is using a technique of neutralization.

The ______ perspective perceives deviance as socially constructed and focuses on power dynamics in determining who is considered deviant.

conflict

Which theorist did not view deviance as rooted in biology, but rather sought to explain how deviance occurred across place, time, and groups?

Durkheim

A person who is interested in manufacturing public morality and seeks to change norms to fit their own moral viewpoint is called a ______.

a. moral entrepreneur CorrectCorrect

According to general strain theory, which of the following is a type of strain that can lead to deviance and crime?

d. being treated negatively by others CorrectCorrect

The legalistic approach toward deviance considers only ______ to be deviant.

crime

Similar to Durkheim, Robert Merton proposed that central to understanding deviance was the influence of norms on behavior. Differing from Durkheim, Merton viewed anomie as ______.

b. societal overemphasis on success and underemphasis on the appropriate means to success CorrectCorrect

A community that has high rates of crime and a high concentration of poverty will have difficulty achieving ______.

c. collective efficacy

Which approach treats deviance as unusual or having a low probability?

c. the statistical approach CorrectCorrect

People who are labeled as deviant, but have not committed an act of crime or violated social norms are what Howard Becker refers to as ______.

c. falsely accused CorrectCorrect

Deviant labeling occurs due to reactions, rather than behaviors themselves; no actual rule-violating behavior is necessary.

True

Which of the following terms match types of social norms that sociologists use to identify types acceptable behavior in a given culture?

b. folkways, mores, laws CorrectCorrect