adult psychopathology final exam

psychodynamic model

• developed by Freud

• behavior driven by unconscious conflicts

  • id,ego,superego

• focus on early relationships and childhood experiences

• some degree of conflict

  • healthy personality = balance

  • dysfunction = excessive conflict

free association

• say whatever comes to mind

• developed by Freud

• A therapist may use this to identify patterns or underlying psychological issues that aren’t immediately obvious in normal conversation.

dream interpretation

• the process of trying to understand the meaning of dreams by analyzing their symbols, emotions, and content to uncover possible psychological significance.

• uncover unconscious meaning

transference

• client projects feelings onto therapist

• a psychological process where a client unconsciously redirects feelings, expectations, or attitudes from past important relationships (often with parents or caregivers) onto the therapist

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

• Excessive, uncontrollable worry (6+ months)

• Restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, sleep problems

DX checklist for GAD

• For 6 months or more, person

  experiences disproportionate,

  uncontrollable, and ongoing

  anxiety and worry about

  multiple matters.

• The symptoms include at least

  three of the following:

  edginess, fatigue, poor

  concentration, irritability,

  muscle tension, sleep

  problems

• Significant distress or

  impairment.

bipolar I

• at least one full manic episode

• hypomanic or major depressive episode(s)

bipolar disorders

• involve lows of depression and highs of mania

• shift between moods

• have dramatic impact of friends and family

manic episode

For 1 week or more, person displays a continually

irregular, inflated, unrestrained, or irritable mood as well as

continually heightened energy or activity, for most of every

day.

Person also experiences at least three of the following

symptoms:

• Grandiosity or overblown self-esteem

• Reduced sleep need

• Rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that one’s thoughts are

moving very fast

• Attention pulled in many directions

• Heightened activity or agitated movements

• Excessive pursuit of risky and potentially problematic activities

Significant distress or impairment

bipolar II

• hypomania + major depression

• no history of a manic episode

CBT

• Behavioral Activation – increase rewarding activities

• type of therapy for depression and bipolar disorder that uses techniques like behavioral activation to increase rewarding activities and improve mood by changing negative thought patterns and encouraging healthier behaviors.

Ketamine-based antidepressants effectiveness (treatment for depression)

• short-term

combination of medication + CBT effectiveness (depression/bipolar)

• long-term

what were Sheidman’s categories?

• death seekers

• death initiators

• death ignorers

• death darers

death seeker

• want to die

death initiator

• death is already happening

death ignorers

• deny finality of death

death darers

• risk-taking, ambivalent

subintentional death

• Indirect self-destructive behavior (e.g., reckless driving)

• indirect, covert, partial, or unconscious

psychodynamic view of the causes of suicide

• Depression and anger at others that is redirected toward self

• Introjecting lost person (Freud; Abraham): Anger over a lost loved one turns to self-hatred and then depression

• Later suicidal behaviors related to childhood losses or parental rejection (Freud)

• Death instincts/Thanatos (Freud)

• Research does not establish that people who are suicidal are dominated by intense anger.