final exam

What are two critiques, discussed in the module, regarding Freud's psychosexual stages?

Answers need to discuss the lack of a lifespan approach and a methodology that only relies on a clinical sample.

for each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud.

age 3-6

phallic

The phallic stage of psychosexual development ends at age ___________.

6

True or false? Maternal stress is not an example of a teratogen

false

True or false? Maternal age has nothing to do with birth defects in babies

false

Which research design would best address the following question: What do most people in the U.S. feel about the legalization of marijuana?

survey

Describe what you learned about infant-parent attachment in the module.

The approximate length of the description should be a short paragraph, and it should include sufficient detail on what you learned. Then, describe how your current knowledge on this topic compares to what you knew before taking this module. Finally, describe your views on the following issues: a) how applicable is attachment theory to everyday life and working with infants, and b) what misconceptions about attachment do you think people have, and what is a correct understanding of how to apply this attachment theory?

3 pts for a sufficient detailed and specific description of student learning. 2 pts for sufficiently detailed and specific comparison to prior knowledge. 2 pts for an informed and detailed description of the applicability of attachment theory. 3 pts for addressing current misconceptions as well as remedies

True or false?

REM sleep makes up roughly half of an infant's sleep cycle?

true

True or false? Two-year-olds weigh, on average, about 45 lbs

false

Which Piagetian substage occurs during the Preoperational stage:

Secondary Circular Reactions, Symbolic Function, or Metacognition.

symbolic function

According to Piaget, ____________ are mental activities.

operations

Why do modern researchers often find that young children are able to overcome some aspects of egocentrism at younger ages than Piaget had thought?

modern researchers often found that young children overcome some aspects of egocentrism at younger ages than Piaget had thought because of the understanding the children had when it comes to the methods the researchers used to determine egocentrisim in the children which was simpler. For piagets Three Moutain task it was peharps more difficult for the children and they did not understand the method properly

True or false? Most children with ADHD are better able to control problem behaviors when given individual attention.

true

True or false? Parents of children with ADHD can help their kids by encouraging kids to write down homework assignments and use notebook organizers.

true

True or false? Neglected children tend to show less negative outcomes than rejected children, according to peer status research

true

________ children receive high numbers of negative votes in research studies on peer statuses.

rejected

The module discussed common consequences of divorce on children. describe two of them

Answers need to describe 2 of the following: change in family finances, change in where family members live, increased parental stress, increase in family conflict, change in parenting styles

Describe in detail the two courses of juvenile delinquency. Then, describe in detail two of Garbarino's recommendations for how to intervene in the life of an individual troubled teenage boy. Do you think these recommendations are likely to work? Why or why not?

4 pts for Descriptions of the two courses should include the following: Adolescence-limited—more common, more benign, only occurs during adolescence. Life-course persistent—more serious, starts before adolescence and continues afterward, social and biological causes most likely. Then 4 points for recommendations, which should include 2 of the following, described sufficiently: encourage boys' empathy toward others, find ways to protect boys from media and situations that promote aggression, stimulate spirituality, mentoring, promote education and build self-esteem, positive social support, decrease macho stereotypes, therapy, change materialistic values, skills building, calming environments. 2 pts for POV on recommendations—must be sufficiently detailed and based on evidence

Which two gonadotropins did you learn about in the module?

FSH, LH

At what age do most girls in North America finish growing?

age 16

For the following couples, identify which of the following types of love best describes their relationship: Consummate love, Fatuous, Liking, Romantic, Companionate.

Halley and Matthew are about to celebrate their 6-month anniversary. They have an elaborate celebration planned, since this anniversary coincides with Valentine's Day. They both have a strong connection to one another, but have not communicated any long-term plans to one another

romantic

True or false? Women are more likely than men to experience a mid-life crisis.

false

describe a family exemplifying the "Sandwich generation

Answers need to depict someone caring for elderly parents as well as children

For the following descriptions, identify the most likely type of neurocognitive disorder most likely indicated by these symptoms and situations.

Vera began drinking heavily in her early 20s. She continued this pattern throughout her life and is now in her 70s. She has been hospitalized withliver disease. Prior to this hospitalization, her children noticed some that she's been having trouble dressing herself and is exhibiting some marked forgetfulness

substance/medication induced

True or false? The older you are, the more likely it is that you will have a

neurocognitive disorder.

true

Emma is in her late 80's and broke her hip last year. Now that she is recovered, she finds that she is more careful to avoid injury. Rather than walking in her hilly neighborhood, she now drives with a friend to the mall each morning for a nice, flat walk. Which of the following socioemotional theories of aging best fits her new viewpoint: Disengagement, Activity, or Selective Optimization with Compensation.

Selective Optimization with Compensation

Describe Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's five stages of dying

Answers need to describe: Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

Where did freud get the name "oedipus" for the oedipus complex?

greek mythology

Which of the following most accurately summarizes freuds view of oedipus complex?

boys experience cometition with their fathers and eventually identify with them, while repressing sexual feelings toward complex.

t/f malnutrition can be a teratogen

true

true or false? amniocentesis utilizes soundwaves to create images.

false

what is longitudinal study?

individuals are studied over a long period of time.

Compare and contrast assimilation and accommodation. Give specific examples of each.

assimilation needs to be described how new info is taken in without changing underlying schemes. Accomodation needs to describe how schemes are changed in response to new information.

true or false? the moro reflex typically disappears after 5 months

true

which of the following accurately describes Piagets view on children's readiness?

A. Children should be taught certain concepts until they are developmentally ready to receive that info

What would Vygotsky say about a childs likelihood of success when learning and studying alone?

there is a low success rate and the key to success is collaborating with teachers.

who is more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD girls or boys?

boys

WHat is the recommendation for diagnosing ADHD

families should seek psychologist, psychiatrist, or pediatrician with expertise in ADHD

True or false?

Research indicates that boys have a more difficulty adjusting to remarriage, compared to girls

false

approximately how long does it take families to adjust, following a divorce?

2 years

Describe the following social category of children; rejected children. Be specific. What is one consequence of being socially rejected?

actively disliked by others, more likely to be bullied. consequences are drug abuse, aggression and delinquency.

what biological event marks the beginning of adolescence?

puberty

meghan is 12 years old who felt like she was too fat. SHe put herself on a strict all-lettuce diet and started running after school, once weight eas coming off she still dissatisfied and decided to up her exercise and cut out lunch what eating disorder might she have?

anorexia nervosa

name two of sterbergs types of love that are likely to be more common in early relationship.

infatuation and romantic

which of sternbergs types of love includes only passion and intimacy

romantic love

Choose one of sternbergs types of love and describe a couple that emeplifies this type of love.

liking-only intimacy

which is the best summary of the role of the gene APOE e4 in Alzheimer's disease?

certain alleles of this gene may increase risks for alzheimers

compare and contrast disengagement theory and activity theory

both address what will give older adults satisfaction.

disengagement recommends withdrawal from activities while activity recommends being as active as possible.

According to Erikson, which comes first: Identity or Intimacy?

identity

Someone studying cognitive development is concerned with changes in the way people ____________.

think

Which psychological perspective likens the human brain to a computer?

information processing theory

The latency stage of psychosexual development ends at _____________.

puberty

According to Freud, the ___________ stage occurs from birth to 18 months.

oral

For each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud.

18 months- 3 years : _____________

anal

For the following question, choose either "continuous" or "discontinuous" for your answer.

Stage theorists illustrate a ____________ view of development.

discontinuous

He studied social and cultural influences on learning.

Vygotsky

True or false? According to Erikson, some form of intimacy with another human being is important for healthy development.

true

Which of the following is true regarding Erikson's Trust vs Mistrust stage?

Bowlby, Ainsworth, and Erikson's work all support the view that early life experiences impact future relationships.

True or false? Erikson viewed adolescence as a crucial period of development.

true

In operant conditioning, [answer1] are applied so that behaviors are more likely to continue in the future, while [answer2] are applied to decrease the likelihood of behaviors continuing.

rewards, punishment

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the essence of Piaget's theory?

Children construct their own understanding of the world, and have to reconcile what they already know and what they experience in their environment.

Explain why Jean Piaget's theory is considered to come from a cognitive perspective. (3 points)

Answers need to indicate that Piaget studied changes in children's thinking over time and that cognition has to do with thinking.

Define "nature" and "nurture." Then, read the following scenario and answer the questions.

Janie is a trombone player in her school's band. She has only been playing for one year, yet her teacher thinks that Janie is one of the most promising and talented young students that she has. Describe in detail reasons based on "nature" for Janie's success. Then, describe in detail reasons based on "nurture" for her success. Be sure to give multiple reasons for each side, and discuss each in sufficient detail.

Answers need to accurately define nature in sufficient detail, focusing on inherited biological tendencies (2 pts) as well as accurately define nurture, focusing on environmental influences such as parents and peers (2 pts). Nature reasons should focus on the following and be discussed in sufficient detail: - musical abilities running in the family, -tendencies toward hard work and attention to detail, -inherited social skills for getting along with others in a group. Nurture reasons should focus on the following (or similar examples) and be discussed in detail: -parents making her practice, -sibling or other family members modeling examples, «encouragement from others, -school or family culture valuing music and the arts. 3 pts for nature and 3 pts for nurture.

Zeke's father is a volleyball coach and Zeke grew up wanting to play volleyball. In fifth grade, he asked his father to show him how to play and teach him basic skills. By the time that he reaches junior high, he's skilled enough to make the varsity volleyball team. What type of genotype-environment interaction best explains Zeke's sports success?

active

Jillian's mother is a librarian and her father is a high school English teacher. When Jillian began elementary school, her teacher found her reading fourth-grade level books in the school library. The teacher then encouraged Jillian to read high quality fiction books. By high school, Jillian is one of her school's top English students. What type of genotype-environment interaction might best explain how this occurred?

evocative

What type of study would best address the following question: What percentage of 20-year-olds say that they are going to vote in the next presidential election?

survey

Delivery of the placenta occurs during Stage __________ of childbirth.

three

place the following prenatal events in order, from earliest to latest

.Eyebrows form.

Responsive to light.

Swallowing is possible.

a. Swallowing is possible

b. eyebrows form

c. responsive to light

During which trimester is a heartbeat detectable using utrasound?

first

This prenatal test depends on the use of soundwaves to develop and image of a baby.

ultrasound

the ___________ period of prenatal development lasts for approximately seven months.

fetal

What is the major advantage of conducting an experimental study?

The major advatage of conducting an experimental study is that it addreses causation.

For the following scenarios, identify whether the study's design is cross-sectional or longitudinal.

a. Teenagers in a study are interviewed regarding who are the most popular peers in a grade.

b. A researcher is studying a group of Baby Boomers to see whether, as they age, they become increasingly religious.

c. Shayla's children participated in a research study from the time that they were in preschool until they reached middle school.

a. cross-sectional

b. longitudinal

c. longitudinal

You learned about three types of genotype-environment interactions in the module: Passive, Evocative, and Active. Describe in detail two of these types of interactions.

Then, make up two hypothetical situations describing these two interactions. For example, you'll want to describe in detail what the behavior or ability is that the story focuses on, what the role of the genotype has been, and what the role of the environment has been. Be specific and very clear which contribution (genotype or environment) is being discussed.

Active: is where you want to be better at something so you try your best to get better so you arent really genetically talented. The enviornment plays a role in making your decisions. For an example; your mom is a cheerleading coach and when you were younger you went to all the football games and watched the cheerleader. You really enjoyed watching them so you asked your mom to enrole you in cheerleading classes. Then you grew older and became very talented cheerleader. You ended up being a captian on the team because your skills were so good.

Evocative: is a where the enviornment and genetics plays a big role. For an example; lets say your parents were olympians for running. They won gold medals ad were very talented runners. During reccess your teacher who is also the track coach realized you playing at the school playground and saw how fast you were so they convienced you to join the running club at school. By the time you were in highschool you were the fastest one in your grade. The teacher/coach played a huge role in this so thats why it would be enviornment and you being naturally fast due to genetics.

True or false? Piaget emphasized the role of the individual in constructing knowledge.

true

In which of the sensorimotor stage's substage do infants develop object permanence?

Internalization of schemes

According to Piaget, in which of the sensorimotor stage's substage do infants experiment with toys, such as by playing with an object in different ways?

Tertiary circular reactions

Which attachment style (Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized) is thought to be associated with child abuse?

disorganized

18-month-old Marta was really upset when her mom left in the morning for work and cried for a long time at daycare. However, Marta doesn't seem very happy to see mom when she returns. She doesn't hug her back when she tries to hug her while picking her up. Instead, she just grabs onto her leg and stands there while she waits to leave. With what attachment style would Ainsworth most likely classify Marta?

Anxious-Ambivalent

Name one theorist or researcher mentioned in the module as making an important contribution to our understanding of infant attachment.

Any of the following: Harlow, Freud, Bowlby, Erikson, Ainsworth

True or false? If the Babinski reflex lingers after a child is two years old, it is possible that the child has some nerve damage.

true

True or false? Regular infant sleep patterns can be observed from birth.

false

true or false? Two-year-olds weigh, on average, about 45 lbs.

false

The ___________ reflex involves a baby turning her head when her cheek is touched.

rooting

What are Primary Circular Reactions, according to Piaget? Be sure to describe this in sufficient detail. Also, what specific behaviors can be observed during this substage?

Primary Circular reactions to Piaget is where babys reflexes start to go away and they start to do them voluntarily. This can start from being a habit. For an example sucking. The baby can be use to sucking its thumb. From the pleaure that they get from sucking their thumb they can start sucking their toes or other objects.

Fill in the blanks with the correct options from this set of three choices: At birth, in infancy, in early childhood.(1 point each)

a. Infants have all or nearly all of their neurons.

b. Neural pruning occurs

.c. Rapid connections are made between neurons.

A. At birth

B. Early childhood.

C. Infancy

Name 2 examples of typical "attachment behaviors" a securely attached infant might display when a parent leaves.

crying

clingy towards parents

Chess and Thomas conducted the famous longitudinal study on temperament. Answer the following questions about your reactions to this study and subsequent personality studies:

What is your reaction to learning about the three temperament types that Chess and Thomas identified? In answering this, be sure to name and describe the temperaments and consider the extent to which you have observed these temperaments occurring in real life?

Based on research since the Chess and Thomas study, to what extent do you think infant temperament predicts adult personality? Be sure to support your answer with what you learned from the module and article, rather than opinion alone. Also, be specific in your answer.

My reaction to learning about the three temperament types is that it totally makes sense now.

Easy Children is where children adapt very easily to new environments and schedules. For an example; my friends new baby was very easily going and a happy baby. If they were running errands and it was an hour pass its feeding time, the baby did not act out. The baby was really good at adapting to the enviornment and new schedule since they were a little late on feeding him.

Difficult children is when the children dont adapt easily to new envirnments and schedules. They usally have unpredictable moods. In real life the kids i use to babysit were difficult children. When babysitting i never knew if they were going to be in good moods to see me. They did not adapt well to new schedules or enviornments and needed everything to be the same. They were not good with change.

Slow-to-warm up children is when children appear to be difficult but they will adjust over time. This happens very slowly. For an example is my friends child did not like when her parents brought home a dog. They didnt want to be anywhere near it. Over time (and very slowly) the child started to adjusting to he dog. She would start interacting with the dog by throwing the ball to it and going on walks with the dog and parents. She cried when they first got the dog but overtime she slowly started loving the dog.

I personally think that this research does play a role on infant temperaments predict adult pesonalities. Chess and Thomas study individuals behaviors style and characteristic emotional response. Lets say they have a great conection with their mother and is always around her and following her, so everytime she leaves they cry. They can then form seperation anxiety when they are a child. Now lets say later down the road they form the same kind of connection with their significant other. They are constantly with eachother and always doing things with one another. Lets say the significant other goes on a business trip and they start feeling a certain way. They cry at night or they just feel empty inside. They have seperation anxiety from their significant other. They acted a certain way because it felt fimilar to them and they responded naturally to how they were feeling.

This researcher was pessimistic about a child's abilities to learn by himself.

vyggotsy

Which of the following accurately describes Discovery Learning?

Children learn by actively exploring—emphasis on hands-on learning.

True or false? Gender constancy is similar to Piaget's idea of conservation.

true

____________ according to Piaget, is the ability to understand that altering physical appearance does not necessarily change the amount of that substance.

conservation

Why do young children fail conservation tasks, according to Piaget?

I think young children fail conservation tasks because they have a difficult time with centration.

True or false? Early childhood experiences are a key mechanism for brain development.

true

____________ are tree-like branches of neurons.

dendrites

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the most negative long-term outcomes?

neglectful

True or false? Children in early childhood as well as elementary school tend to associate with children of the same gender.

true

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the most negative outcomes?

neglectful

Why do modern researchers often find that young children are able to overcome some aspects of egocentrism at younger ages than Piaget had thought?

Modern researchers often find that young children are able to overcome some aspect of egocentrism at younger ages because they simply did not understand the three mountains task that piaget created. If they didnt completely understand the task then the outcome was not accurate. Hughes created the police doll study which made more sense to the children where the outcome showed that children at younger ages overcame egocentrism.

According to Piaget, what is centration?

Focusing all attention on one feature of an object.