Practical 1

location of nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, nerves

nucleolus

assembles ribosomes

nuclear membrane

double layer membrane; outer boundary of nucleus

nuclear pore

allows materials to move between nucleus and cytoplasm

centriole

cylindrical organelle that occurs in pairs; involved in the development of spindle fibers

golgi apparatus

final assembly, transport and packaging of materials, mostly for secretion from sell

secretory vesicles

export materials via exocytosis

lysosome

digestion within the cell of large molecules into their simpler components

mitochondrion

site of aerobic steps of cellular respiration, where most ATP is produced

what events happen during interphase

the cell is not dividing, general cell growth, and DNA replication

what events occur during prophase

cell division, nuclear membrane disappears, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle apparatus forms

what events happen in metaphase

chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

what events happen in anaphase

separation of genetic material and sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles by spindle apparatus

structure of nervous tissue

cell body, dendrites, axon (tail) which is wrapped in myelin sheath

1

chromatin

nucleus

contains chromatic and nucleolus

chromatin

location of DNA (genes); provides genetic regulation of the cell

cell membrane (plama membrane)

regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell; selectively permeable

rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesis, transport, and packaging of proteins

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesis, transport, and packaging of carbohydrates and lipids

ribosome

site of protein synthesis

centrosome

contains centrioles

peroxisome

detoxify harmful toxins like alcohols and hydrogen peroxide

cytoplasm

all material inside the cell except the nucleus

cytosol

aqueous part of cytoplasm

What is the order of the stages of mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase/cyctokinesis

what events occur during telophase

chromosomes reach the opposite poles and clump, events of prophase are reversed, chromosomes convert to chromatin, nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform, spindle apparatus dismantled

what evens occur during cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm into 2 cells

tissue

groups of cells that are similar and structure and function

tissues are arranged in a pattern that

helps the tissue achieve its function

what are the four types of tissue

epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous

how do tissues fit into the chemical level of organization

the chemical level of organization contains atoms and molecule which make up every living thing. tissues could not exist without them

how do tissues fit into the organelle level of organization

molecules associate in certain ways to form organelles. these function as the mini organs of cells and are what allow cellular processes to occur. cells could not exist without organelles and therefore tissue could not exist.

how do tissues fit into the cellular level of organization

the cell is the smallest fundamental unit of life. when cells that are similar in structure and function cluster together they form a tissue. tissues are made up of cells.

how do tissues fit into the organ level of organization

An organ is a structure composed of two or more different types of tissues working together to perform a complex task. Organs are made up of tissue and could not exist without them.

how do tissues fit into the organ system level of organization

An organ system consists of multiple organs that cooperate closely to accomplish a common, major bodily purpose. the organ system is made up of organs, which is made up of tissue. many types of tissue help make up an organ system,

how do tissues fit into the organism level of organization

The highest level of organization. All the organ systems function together in harmony to maintain homeostasis and sustain the life of a single, independent living entity—the organism. We could not exist without tissues making up our body to perform various functions.

Epithelial tissue

refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands.

Muscle tissue

is excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement, and occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart.

Nervous tissue

is also excitable, allowing the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

connective tissue

binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body.

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

form continuous sheets (fit like tiles), apical surface, basement membrane, and they can regenerate and repair quickly

apical surface of epithelial tissue

all epithelial cells have a top surface that borders an open space known as lumen

basement membrane

underside of all epithelial cells which anchors them to connective tissue

location of muscle tissue

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle

location of epithelial tissue

lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface

location of connective tissue

fat and other soft padding tissue, bone, tendon

4 functions of epithelial tissue

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

epithelial tissue functions - protection

skin protects from sunlight, bacteria, and physical damage

epithelial tissue functions - absorption

lining of small intestine, absorbing nutrients into blood

epithelial functions - filtration

lining of kidney tubules filtering wastes from blood plasma

epithelial tissue functions - secretion

different glands produce perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes and mucus

how do you classify epithelial tissue

looking at the cell layers and shape

epithelial tissue cell shape - squamous

flattened like fish scales

epithelial tissue cell shape - cuboidal

cubes

epithelial tissue cell shape - columnar

columns

what is the difference between simple and stratified in epithelial tissue cell layers?

simple is one layer and stratified is many layers (named for type of cell at apical surface)

simple squamous epithelium structure

single layer of flattened cells

simple squamous epithelium functions

absorption and filtration

location of simple squamous epithelium

lining of lymphatic and cardiovascular vessels, lining of air sacs in lungs, form serous membranes in body cavity

simple cuboidal epithelium structure

single layer of cube shaped cells

simple cuboidal epithelium function

secretion and transportation in glands, filtration in kidneys, absorption

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

ducts, kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands

simple columnar epithelium structure

elongated layer of cells with nuclei at same level

functions of simple columnar epithelium

absorption, protection and secretion of mucous and enzymes

location of simple columnar epithelium

linings of entire digestive tract

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium structure

irregularly shaped cells with nuclei at different levels, appear stratified but arent, all cells reach basement membrane

function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

secretion of mucous, cilia sweep mucous

location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

lining the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract

stratified squamous epithelium structure

many layers (usually cuboidal or columnar at bottom and squamous at top

function of stratified squamous epithelium

protect against abrasion

location of stratified squamous epithelium

skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, mouth, vagina

what is the most common type of epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

transtional epithelium structure

many layers, specialized (cells at base are cuboidal or columnar and surface will vary), change between stratified and simple as tissue is stretched

function of transitional epithelium

allows strethcing to change size

location of transitional epithelium

urinary bladder, ureters urethra

what is the most abundant tissue in the body

connective tissue

components of connective tissue include

cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substance, protein fibers

connective tissue contains cells that are dispersed

in a MATRIX (major component of the matrix is a ground substance often criss crossed by protein fibers)

the main function of connective tissue is to

bind structures together

what are the four types of connective tissue

loose, cartilage, bone, blood

types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose

types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

types of blood (connective tissue)

red blood cell (erythrocyte), white blood cell (leukocyte) and platelet

structure of areolar tissue

looks like a random web like fashion

areolar tissue fills

the space between muscle fibers, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, and supports organs in the abdominal cavity

function of areolar tissue

wraps and cushions organs

location of areolar tissue

widely distributed under the epithelia of body

structure of adipose tissue

minimal extracellular matrix

function of adipose tissue

provides reserve food fuel, insulation, supports and protects organs

location of adipose tissue

under skin, around kidneys and within abdomen and breasts

define cartilage

a connective tissue consisting of collagenous fibers embedded in a firm matrix of chondroitin sulfates

function of hyaline cartilage

supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compressive stress

location of hyaline cartilage

ends of long bones, forms costal cartilage of ribs, cartilages of nose, trachea and larynx

function of elastic cartilage

maintains shape of a structure while allowing flexibility

location of elastic cartilage

supports the external ear and epiglottis

function of fibrocartilage

absorb shock and is strong

location of fibrocartilage

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

function of osseous or compact bone tissue

supports and protects, provides levers for muscles, stores calcium and minerals, red marrow

define red marrow

site of hematopoiesis (production of red and white blood cells and platelets)