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Meaning of volatility
the tendency of a molecule to convert from liquid to gas
Measuring rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes.
What are the conditions?
aqueous silver nitrate
water present as nucleophile
ethanol solvent for haloalkanes as they are insoluble in water (ethanol allows haloalkane and water to mix and produce single solution instead of two layers
Describe the method of separating an organic layer from an aqueous layer
add mixture to separating funnel and ensure tap is closed before adding
place stopper and invert to mix contents
allow to settle
add water to differentiate layers (the one that gets bigger is aqueous)
remove stopper, place conical flask below funnel and open tap to remove lower layer (should be aqueous as it is more dense)
place second conical flask and collect other layer, then label flasks
Describe the method to remove acid impurities
add aqueous sodium carbonate with mixture, add stopper and shake in separating funnel
acid will react with Na2CO3 and release CO2
hold stoppered separating funnel upside down and slowly open tap to release gas pressure
remove Na2CO3 layer and wash organic layer with water
separate both layers into conical flasks with separating organic and aqueous layers method
What is a drying agent
anhydrous inorganic salt that readily takes up water to be hydrated
Name, with formulas, 3 drying agents and state what they dry
(All anhydrous)
calcium chloride (CaCl2) - drying hydrocarbons
calcium sulfate (CaSO4) - general drying
magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) - general drying
Describe the method for drying an organic liquid
add organic liquid to conical flask
use spatula to add drying agent (e.g. calcium carbonate) and swirl to mix contents
place stopper to prevent product evaporating away and leave for 10 minutes
if solid stuck as lump, water still present, so add more drying agent until some solid is dispersed in solution as fine powder
decant liquid from solid into another flask, if dry, it should be clear