Organic Chemistry

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Last updated 7:15 AM on 6/5/26
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7 Terms

1
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Meaning of volatility

the tendency of a molecule to convert from liquid to gas

2
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Measuring rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes.

What are the conditions?

  • aqueous silver nitrate

  • water present as nucleophile

  • ethanol solvent for haloalkanes as they are insoluble in water (ethanol allows haloalkane and water to mix and produce single solution instead of two layers

3
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Describe the method of separating an organic layer from an aqueous layer

  • add mixture to separating funnel and ensure tap is closed before adding

  • place stopper and invert to mix contents

  • allow to settle

  • add water to differentiate layers (the one that gets bigger is aqueous)

  • remove stopper, place conical flask below funnel and open tap to remove lower layer (should be aqueous as it is more dense)

  • place second conical flask and collect other layer, then label flasks

4
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Describe the method to remove acid impurities

  • add aqueous sodium carbonate with mixture, add stopper and shake in separating funnel

  • acid will react with Na2CO3 and release CO2

  • hold stoppered separating funnel upside down and slowly open tap to release gas pressure

  • remove Na2CO3 layer and wash organic layer with water

  • separate both layers into conical flasks with separating organic and aqueous layers method

5
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What is a drying agent

anhydrous inorganic salt that readily takes up water to be hydrated

6
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Name, with formulas, 3 drying agents and state what they dry

(All anhydrous)

  • calcium chloride (CaCl2) - drying hydrocarbons

  • calcium sulfate (CaSO4) - general drying

  • magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) - general drying

7
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Describe the method for drying an organic liquid

  • add organic liquid to conical flask

  • use spatula to add drying agent (e.g. calcium carbonate) and swirl to mix contents

  • place stopper to prevent product evaporating away and leave for 10 minutes

  • if solid stuck as lump, water still present, so add more drying agent until some solid is dispersed in solution as fine powder

  • decant liquid from solid into another flask, if dry, it should be clear