BIO-2060 Exam #1 (Part 1)

This segment includes questions based on the blood

Characteristics: Color & Volume

Color: Oxygenated blood appears scarlet as a result of being filled with oxygen, Deoxygenated blood appears dark red as a result of oxygen loss and gained carbon dioxide.

Volume: 4-5 L for Women, 5-6 L for Men

Characteristics: Viscosity & pH

Viscosity: 4.5 - 5.5 times the value of whole blood

pH: 7.35 -7.45 (alkaline)

Characteristics: Temperature

38 celsius or 100.4 Fahrenheit

Plasma proteins: Albumins

Takes up 60% of blood (most abundant), functions in osmolarity

Plasma proteins: Globulins

Functions in transport & protection

Plasma proteins: Fibrinogen & Prothrombin

Both functions in blood clotting

Blood Function: Distribution

Transports nutrients (Oxygen), waste (Carbon Dioxide), and hormones throughout the body.

Blood Function: Regulation

Maintains blood characters: Osmolarity, temperature, pH, and viscosity, and volume

Blood Function: Protection

Prevents blood loss & infection

Formed Element: Neutrophil (leukocyte)

• Multi lobed nucleus *

• pinkish granules, enzymes, and defensins (proteins)   

• Serve as acute bacterial slayers (short term)

Formed Element: Eosinophil (leukocyte)

• Red Granules *

• U Shaped nucleus  

• Function in allergic response against parasitic worms 

Formed Element: Basophil (leukocyte)

• U/S nucleus (whichever)

• Large purple/black granules ← gives lumpy appearance*

• Histamine Response, Vasodilation (BV dilation), and Inflammation 

Formed Element: Lymphocyte (leukocyte)

• Large, dark nucleus *

• Made of T cells and B cells 

• T cells: immune response, B Cells: antibody production 

Formed Element: Monocyte (leukocyte)

• Circulating the body (Macrophages are found in one place)

• Present antigen 

• Chronic Bacteria slayers (long-term) 

Hemoglobin (Definition & Function)

A red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; responsible for characteristic red color of blood.

(Taken from the text)

Hemoglobin (Component Molecules)

Globin is a protein that binds to carbon dioxide.

• There are four types, two alpha chains and two beta chains

• These contain heme groups

Heme contains iron (Fe), allowing oxygen to bond

• Contains a ring of porphyrin and an iron ion (Fe2+)

• The oxygen binds to the iron ion

Both are reversible, they don't carry C02 and 02 at the same.

Hemoglobin (Form & Location)

Hemoglobin + 02 oxygen loading (process) taking place in the lung, this is called oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin - 02 is oxygen unloading (the molecular structure changes, causing the oxygen to leave) taking place in the tissue, this is called deoxyhemoglobin (molecule)  

Hemoglobin + C02 is called carbaminohemoglobin. Carbon is added in response to the absence of oxygen.

Hemostasis

1. Vascular Spasm - Blood vessels constrict in order to prevent further blood loss

2. Platelet plug formation Platelets arrive at the injury site and stick to exposed collagen fibers

3. Coagulation - coagulation cascade converts inactive proteins into active ones, forming a blood clot

Prothrombin

Activator

Prothrombin

Thrombin

Fibrinogen

Fibrin

(Taken mostly from lecture presentation)

Erythropoiesis (Definition & Function)

The formation and development of Erythrocytes. It is highly stimulated by Erythropoietin (EPO)

Anemia: Too few RBC, Polycythemia: Too many RBC

Erythropoiesis (Control Mechanisms): Nutrients

Fe, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Vitamin B12, intrinsic factor

Erythropoiesis (Control Mechanisms): Homeostasis components

Developmental Sequence: Erythropoiesis

Hemocytoblast → proerythroblast → erythroblast → normoblast → reticulocyte → erythrocyte

Erythrocyte Destruction

Leukopoiesis (Definition & Stimulus)

The formation and development of leukocytes. It is stimulated by CSF

(mostly taken from the text)

Developmental Sequence: Leukopoiesis

Hemocytoblast → Myeloid stem cell or Lymphoid stem cell

Myeloid stem cell → Myeloblast → Eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil, monocyte

Lymphoid stem cell→ lymphoblast → lymphocyte

Thrombopoiesis (Definition)

The formation and development of thrombocytes/platelets

Developmental Sequence: Thrombopoiesis

Hemocytoblast → Megakaryoblast → Promegakaryocyte → Megakaryocyte → Platelet

Thrombopoiesis (Components of granules)

• Serotonin, Ca2+ (Calcium Ions), enzymes, platelet-derived growth factor

• These form the Platelet Plug

• Inactivated by NO

Blood Hierarchy

Atom → molecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system

Atoms make up molecules, molecules make up organelles, organelles make up cells, cells make up tissue, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems

Formed Element: Erythrocyte

Characteristics: No nucleus (to maximize space for hemoglobin) & biconcave (to facilitate easy cell movement through blood vessels)

Function: Gas Transport

Formed Element: Leukocyte

Characteristics: Complete cells organized into two categories (granulocytes & agranulocytes)

Function: Surveillance and immunity response

Formed Element: Thrombocyte

Characteristics: Part of cells, also known as platelets

Function: Blood clotting