biolmegafinalset (knowt version)

fire

the evolution of energy in the form of light, heat, & smoke as a result of combustion

combustion

a type of chemical reaction whereby a fuel reacts with oxygen to release energy

incendiary fire

a fire that's willfully & intentionally set; the crime committed is called 'arson'

ignitable liquid

fuel used to start a fire that otherwise could not be easily started (e.g., gasoline, charcoal lighter fluid, alcohol, paint thinner)

extinguishment of a fire

water douses activation energy; fire blanket and foam extinguisher remove oxygen; CO2 extinguisher removes oxygen

natural fire cause

a type of fire cause where ignition occurs without human intervention, primarily sparked by lightning, volcanic eruptions, or rarely, spontaneous combustion of organic material

accidental fire cause

a type of fire cause that does not involve a deliberate human act to ignite or spread the fire

deliberate fire cause

a type of fire cause where a fire is intentionally ignited under circumstances where the person knows it should not be, or when it is set with the specific intent to cause damage or, in the case of arson, with malice

undetermined fire cause

a type of fire cause used by investigators when the specific cause of a fire cannot be proven to an acceptable level of certainty

fire trail

control lines, allowing firefighters to conduct planned ignitions (backburning) to burn out fuel between the trail and the approaching wildfire

burn pattern

a visual/measurable physical effect that remains after a fire; there are 72 different types of ___ ______ .

deflagration

low explosives that produce escaping gases of velocities less than the speed of sound

detonation

high explosives that produce escaping gases of velocities greater than the speed of sound

speed of sound

the ____ __ _____ is 343 m/s.

bomb seat

point of origin of a fire; best spot for locating and recovering unexploded residues of the explosive

Griess test

a test for explosive residues like nitrate/nitrite

questioned document

any written or printed communication between individuals whose source or authenticity is in doubt

best evidence rule

a rule that requires that an original document, photograph, or recording be produced to prove its content in court

document examiner

a person whose job is to compare unknown handwriting, typewriting, or any other documentary evidence with known standards

graphologist

a person who claims to be able to discern certain personality characteristics through examination of handwriting

indented writing

the imprint left on the bottom page from writing on the top page

matter

anything that has a mass and occupies space, made up of elements

element

the simplest known substance, providing the building block from which all matter is composed

atom

the smallest particle of an element that can exist and still retains its identity as that element (ex. CO2)

compound

the result when 2 or more elements combine to form a new material that's different in physical and chemical properties from its elemental components

physical property

the component of a substance that changes without the alteration of the substance's composition through a chemical reaction

physical change

the change that occurs in the size, shape, and state/form of matter

chemical property

the component of a substance that changes when it reacts or combines with another substance to form a new substance

chemical change

the change that occurs in a substance's internal makeup, a change that cannot be easily reversed

glass

a substance composed of sand mixed with various metal oxides

soda-lime glass

the most common, inexpensive type of glass, comprised of sodium carbonate & calcium oxide

tempered glass

glass that is strengthened by introducing stress through rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces

laminated glass

a double layer of glass held together by a middle layer of polyvinyl butyral (plastic); a type of safety glass used for windshields

fractured feature

modern glass photo prints made by directly printing images onto 2mm non-tempered glass

density

mass (g) divided by volume (mL)

neutron activation analysis

experiment that bombards the specimen with neutrons and measures the energy of gamma rays emitted

paint

a type of coating designed to cover a surface for the purpose of imparting color and/or protection

shellac

coating made from insect extract (the lac) dissolved in methyl alcohol, meant to protect the surface

varnish

coating solution of film formers and resins dissolved in a solvent, meant to protect the surface

stain

coating that contains soluble dyes/pigments in a solvent, mean to impart color

automotive paint

most important type of paint in forensic work

chip or flake

a sample that contains most or all layers of paint

soil

substance made up of crushed rocks and minerals mixed with decayed plant/animal matter (humus)

soil physical properties

(a) color, (b) size and shape of minerals, (c) ptt, (d) percent of humus, (e) moisture content, (f) density gradient

paint chemical properties

(a) solubility, (b) chromatography, (c) infrared microspectrophotometry, (d) scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis

paint physical properties

(a) color layer sequence, (b) microspectrophotometry

structural paint

type of paint used for objects, buildings, and homes

artistic paint

the oldest type of paint, made up of naturally occurring oils and pigments

pharmacology

the study of the effects and interactions of drugs on living things

toxicology

the study of harmful effects of drugs and poisons on living things

forensic toxicology

the study of cases where drug use results in death under suspicious circumstances

synergism

effects of various drugs are enhanced due to their combined presence in the body

tolerance

decreased effects of a drug due to prior exposure, requiring increased dosage

blood alcohol concentration

the indicator of alcohol level in the bloodstream

screening test

a type of test that includes adding chemical reagents to a suspected drug & observing color change

separation test

a type of drug test involving the process of extracting impurities

confirmatory test

a type of drug test that uses a mass spectrometer to positively identify the substance

oral ingestion

a route of drug intake involving swallowing by mouth

inhalation

a route of drug intake involving smoking or snorting through the nose

injection

a route of drug intake using a needle and syringe

intravenous injection

injection into a vein in the dermis layer

intramuscular injection

injection into the muscle layer

subcutaneous injection

injection into the subcutaneous tissue

intradermal injection

injection into the dermis layer

suppository

route of drug intake that goes through anus and rectum

topical application

route of drug intake where substance is applied to skin

0.02

alcohol level - most begin feeling an effect

0.04

alcohol level - definite feeling of relaxation

0.06

alcohol level - most are unable to make rational choices; driving begins to be impaired

0.08

alcohol level - definite impairment in coordination; definite impairment of driving

0.12

alcohol level - vomiting may occur in inexperienced drinkers

0.015

alcohol level - balance is seriously compromised

0.4

alcohol level - most lose consciousness and die

walk and turn test

field sobriety test - walk in a straight line by putting one foot directly in front of the other

stand on one foot test

field sobriety test - keep one foot off the ground without losing balance

horizontal gaze nystagmus test

field sobriety test - try to track moving object with eyes without jerkiness

breathalyzer

field sobriety test - measures breath alcohol level

deoxyribonucleic acid

contains the genetic code (info) that serves as a blueprint for our cells; therefore, for our own existence

Thymine

Adenine pair

Cytosine

Guanine pair

central dogma

the method in which DNA is transcribed to RNA and translated to proteins

genes

genetic code contained within portions of the chromosomes

alleles

different forms of a gene (hair color, height, etc.)

homozygous

offspring that receives the same alleles from parents

heterozygous

offspring that receives different alleles from parents

dominant

an expressed allele is also called a ____ allele

recessive

a silent allele is also called a ____ allele

Gregor Mendel

scientist who developed the basic principles of genetics through his experiments with garden peas in the 1860s

XY chromosomes

the male sex chromosomes are ____

XX chromosomes

the female sex chromosomes are ____

Retinitis Pigmentosa

a genetic disease involving blindness in the retina of the eye

catagen

transition phase between growth and rest (1 to 2% of hair stays in this phase, lasting 3 weeks)

telogen

the hair strand is at rest and hair stops growing

melanocytes

cells that produce granules of melanin, determining hair color

eumelanin

type of melanin responsible for dark/black/brown hair color

phaeomelanin

type of melanin responsible for light/blond hair color

human hair

classification of hair characterized by fragmented, interrupted, or absent medulla

non-human hair

classification of hair characterized by a continuous medulla pattern

natural fibers

fibers that exist in nature as fibers already (e.g., cotton, silk, wool)

synthetic fibers

fibers manufactured from materials that are not fibers (e.g., polyester, nylon)