MS final

age related macular degeneration AMD

Gradual damage to macula (center of retina)- central loss of vision, peripheral vision intact

cataracts

Opacity in the lens impairs vision

S cataracts

decreased visual acuity, blurred vision, photophobia, sensitivity to glare, better vision in low light, cloudy lens 

glaucoma

Fluid builds up in the eye- painless increased IOP that causes permanent damage to optic nerve 

S glaucoma

tunnel vision- decreased peripheral vision, increased IOP

open angle glaucoma

Drainage canal is partially blocked over time- gradual 

primary angle closure glaucoma

Angle between iris and cornea suddenly closes- IOP raises rapidly

retinal detachment

Painless separation of retina

S retinal detatchment

shadow/curtain/black in vision, floaters, flashes of light 

pneumatic retinopexy

gas bubble to put pressure to reconnect retina

retinitis pigmentosa

Progressive genetic disease- loss of peripheral vision progresses to total blindness

leading cause of blindness

diabetic retinopathy

conductive hearing loss

sound cannot travel through outer or middle ear, caused by ear infection, foreign body, impaction(earwax)

sensorineural hearing loss

damage to inner ear or vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

vertigo

Sensation of self or environment spinning or moving even when still 

menieres disease

Excess fluid buildup in inner ear 

trigeminal neuralgia

Intermittent episodes of intense pain in the face

trigeminal neuralgia is triggered by

touch, cold, talking, chewing, brushing teeth

mucositis

Epithelial cells damaged, rapidly dividing cells, causing inflammation and ulceration

migraine

unilateral/bilateral throbbing

cluster headache

focused around one eye, often sharp, stabbing, penetrating pain 

PaO2 lab

80-100

PaCO2 lab

35-45

pH lab

7.35-7.45

pH>7.45 is

alkalosis

pH<7.35 is

acidosis

HCO3- bicarb lab

22-26

Drainage system kept below chest level refers to

chest tube

Continuous bubbling is expected in suction chamber refers to

chest tube

Tidaling in water chamber with breaths refers to

chest tube

ateleactasis

Collapse of lung tissue, Air in alveoli gets absorbed to bloodstream but no new air replaces it- alveoli collapse

pneumonia

Infection of the alveoli

S pneumonia

fever, chills/sweats, chest pain, cough, sputum, hemoptysis (coughing blood), crackles, whispered pectoriloquy, tactile fremitus, dull percussion sounds 

Whispered pectoriloquy

 test- whisper 123, sounds are faint or muffled meaning lungs are filled with air

Tactile fremitus

vibrations felt on chest when speaking 

pneumothorax

Air in pleural space pushing on lungs  

closed pneumothorax

Puncture or tear in internal respiratory structures 

open pneumothorax

Hole in chest wall- air moves in and out of pleural space 

tension pneumothorax

Air enters pleural space but cant go out- each breathe more air gets trapped

larynx cancer

Cancer of voice box 

main sign of larynx cancer

hoarseness

epiglottitis

Inflammation of epiglottis- the flap that covers the airway when you swallow

S lung cancer

persistent cough, hemoptysis- rust colored sputum, weight loss, fatigue, chest/shoulder/back/arm pain, recurring pleural effusion/pneumonia/bronchitis, dyspnea

Acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS

Acute respiratory failure from inflammation to alveoli 

ventilator tidal volume

volume (air) for each breath

ventilator rate

breaths/min

ventilator fraction of inspired oxygen FiO2

oxygen concentration

ventilator positive end expiratory pressure PEEP

pressure that stays in lungs after expiration to prevent collapse

ventilator pressure support

Inserts positive pressure on inspiration, boost during inhale 

Alkaline phosphatase ALP lab indicates

bone issues

C-reactive protein lab indicates

inflammation

pagets disease

Abnormal bone breakdown and abnormal formation

S pagets

pathological fractures, elevated alkaline phosphatase

osteomyelitis

Infection of bone, bone marrow, surrounding soft tissue 

S osteomyelitis

pain, fever, irritability, extremity warmth, tenderness, decreased ROM

gout

Uric acid crystal deposits in joints

S gout

pain ranges from asymptomatic to acute and chronic, acute- excruciating pain in small joints (great toe), chronic- uric acid deposits in major organs, swelling, tophi deposits (hard nodules), pruritus

osteosarcoma

Aggressive bone cancer rapidly spreading

 osteosarcoma is the most common bone tumor due to

metastasis

osteoarthritis OA

Gradual loss of articular cartilage 

S osteoarthritis

morning stiffness 30 min, noninflammatory synovial joints, crepitus- grating with movement, asymmetrical joints, heberdens nodes- bony enlargements in fingertips, bouchards nodes- bony enlargements in middle fingers 

heberdens nodes

bony enlargements in fingertips

bouchards nodes

bony enlargements in middle fingers

arthroscopy

removes damaged cartilage

rheumatoid arthritis RA

Chronic autoimmune disease, inflammation of connective tissue 

S rheumatoid arthritis

pain, morning stiffness 60 min, limited ROM, inflammation synovial joints, symmetrical symptoms, weight loss, sjogren's syndrome- body attacks moisture glands- dry, cataracts, boutonniere and swan neck deformity- finger deformities

Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE

Multisystem inflammatory autoimmune disorder

S lupus

butterfly rash, vascular lesions, hypertension, alopecia, painful joints, photosensitivity

scleroderma

Autoimmune disease, too much collagen production

S scleroderma

thickening skin, decreased ROM, joint contractures, hyper/hypopigmentation, maks like expression, calcinosis- calcium deposits, raynaud phenomenon- vasospasm in fingertips due to cold/stress, esophageal dysfunction- trouble swallowing due to scarring, sclerodactyly- tightening skin on fingers/toes, telangiectasia- red spots on skin from dilated capillaries  

neurogenic shock

type of distributive shock caused by loss of sympathetic nervous system tone, spinal cord damage 

spinal shock

A temporary loss of all neurologic function below the level of injury

S spinal shock

loss of reflexes, sensation, flaccid- limp below injury 

incomplete spinal injury

some function remains

complete spinal injury

total loss of motor/sensory below injury 

C3-C5 control

diaphragm- breathing

thoracic spinal injury

Chest and trunk affected, Paraplegia 

lumbar spinal injury

Arms functional, Some leg movement may remain

C1-2 injury 

Loss of all motor function, Dependent breathing- ventilator, Quadraplegia 

C4 injury

Diaphragm affected- difficulty breathing, may need ventilator, Quadraplegia

C6 injury

Some arm movement, Cannot move hands well, No control of lower body 

autonomic dysreflexia

Sympathetic response after spinal shock, vasoconstriction, severe hypertension, headache HA, diaphoresis

autonomic dysreflexia is caused by

stimuli or distension

autonomic dysrflexia occurs in injuries above

T6

brown-sequard syndrome

One half of the spinal cord is damaged 

cauda equina syndrome

Damage to nerves at the lower end of the spinal cord 

S cauda equina syndrome

severe low back pain, loss of bladder/bowel, saddle anesthesia- numbness inner thighs

P wave

depolarization of atria, atria contract

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization, ventricles contract

T wave

ventricular repolarization, ventricles relax