Unit 4: A&P: Pregnancy, Growth, and Development

Division of zygotic cells continue until cluster of _____ cells now make a _______.

100; blastocyst

A blastocyst is formed after _____ day's post-fertilization. They float in the uterus for _____ days and are nourished by _________. The blastocyst then implants in the ________ and begins at around ______ days post-ovulation.

4-5; 2-3; uterine secretions; uterine wall; 6-7

Even though the blastocyst has now implanted, the ________ from the follicular layer of ovum is still in the uterus. This stimulates the continued secretion of ______ and _______. This promotes ________ and prevents ________.

corpus luteum; estrogen & progesterone; placental development; menstruation

_______ happens during dilation and is when the head enters the true pelvis.

engagement

Eclampsia is highest risk within _____ post-partum.

1st week

Breast milk is so good because _____ and _____ are better absorbed, ______ are better metabolized, and they contain ________ chemicals.

fats and irons; amino acids; immuno-promoting

What 2 immuno-promoting chemicals prevent inflammatory reactions?

interleukins and prostaglandins

_______ is the period of time from last menstrual period until birth

gestation

______ is rapid mitotic division of zygote. It starts ____ hrs post-fertilization and ends at _____ hrs. It results in a cluster of _____ cells (______-).

cleavage; 36; 72; 16+ (morula)

Why is nicotine dangerous to a fetus?

hinders oxygen delivery impairing normal growth and development

______ is a foodborne bacteria which can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature deliver.

listeria

_______ is the formation of organs and organ systems.

organogenesis

_______ is the outermost layer of an embryo; formed _______ and ______.

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermal skin

_______ is the innermost layer of an embryo; forms epithelial linings of _____, ______, and ______ systems and their associated glands.

endoderm; digestive, respiratory, and urogenital

__________ connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava by bypassing underdeveloped liver.

Ductus venosus

The _________ connects the pulmonary trunk to aorta bypassing pulmonary circulation (& underdeveloped lungs).

Ductus arteriosus

________ is when the vagina takes on a "purplish" hue during pregnancy.

Chadwick's sign

The 1st trimester is wks _____ gestation.

1-12

_____ wks is your first ultrasound.

18-20

______ is a series of events expelling infant from uterus.

labor

What are 3 things increased estrogen (with decreased progesterone) triggers?

1) thinning & softening of cervix

2) increases myometrial excitability

3) myometrial contractions during delivery

During contractions, ________ regulates contractile force and _________ regulate contractile rhythm.

oxytocin; prostaglandins

If a baby is butt-first, they are _______.

breeched

_________ is an incision made to widen vaginal orifice to hopefully reduce tearing from delivery.

episiotomy

The neonatal period is the _____ wk period following birth.

4

What is an APGAR Score?

0-2 pts each; 8-10 pts total = healthy;

A-activity - muscle tone

P-pulse - heart rate

G-grimace - reflexes

A- appearance- color

Respiration

Oxytocin promotes milk ejection via ________. This is through a _____ feedback mechanism.

Let-Down Reflex; positive

What are 4 reasons why breast milk is so beneficial?

1) Colostrum

2) rich in bioavailable nutrients

3) promotes development of infant gut microbiome

4) natural laxative

What is Colostrum?

initial, yellow fluid rich in vitamin A, minerals, and IgA antibodies

Colostrum is aka _______. Why?

liquid gold; low in fat, rich in nutrients

_______ is the combination of sperm's chromosome with those of secondary oocyte forming a zygote.

fertilization

Intercourse must occur no more between _____ days pre- and ____ day post-ovulation.

2; 1

An oocyte is viable for ______ hrs post-ovulation.

12-24

Sperm is viable for ______ hrs post-ejaculation.

24-48

Gestation typically lasts around _____ days.

280

Pregnancy is the state of carrying a developing _______.

conceptus

_______ is the first cell during pregnancy. Forms when the ovum is fertilized by a sperm.

zygote

_______ is conceptus from fertilization through 8 weeks.

embryo

______ is conceptus from 9 weeks until birth.

fetus

Sperm have ______ receptors. They follow a chemical trail released by _____ and _______.

olfactory; ovum and follicular cells

As a blastocyst burrows, _______ erodes. A blastocyst is surrounded with _______.

endometrial lining; leaked blood

Blastocyst implantation is usually completed by ____ day post-ovulation.

12th

If implantation fails, ___% of zygotes fail to implant. _____% of implanted embryos later miscarry.

67; 30

Human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by embryo to maintain the _________.

corpus luteum

hCG levels rise until _____ wks gestation. After which, the _____ takes over estrogen & progesterone secretion. hCG levels bottom out at around ______ wks.

8; placenta; 16-20

The ______ is a temporary organ which provides nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine functions to the fetus.

placenta

The placenta is fully formed and functional around the ____ month gestation. It arises from a combination of ______ and ______ tissues. It secretes ______ until estrogen & progesterone levels increase. It takes over for the _______ and prepares _______ for lactation. If placental hormone production is inadequate, the _______ generates and the pregnancy _____.

3rd; embryonic and maternal; hCG; corpus luteum; mammary glands; endometrium; aborts

What are three signs of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

microcephaly (small head), intellectual disability, and abnormal growth

______ are diseases/viruses that can cross the placental barrier.

TORCH

What are the diseases represented in the term TORCH?

Toxoplasma gondii, others: syphilis, listeria, and varicella, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and HIV/Herpes simplex

_______ is a foodborne parasitic infection damaging the brain, eyes, and organ tissues.

Toxoplasma gondii

_____ is a bacterial STI which, untreated, can spread to the brain & nervous system. Can lead to low birth-weights, increased risk of premature and stillborn births.

syphilis

______ is aka "chickenpox," and can cause encephalitis, pneumonia, hemorrhaging, and sepsis.

varicella

______ is a virus which can negatively affect everything developing.

rubella

_______ is a virus which can be acquired and activate/reactivate at any point in life. Can cause brain, liver, lung, and growth problems; commonly hearing loss.

cytomegalovirus

What are the 3 Germ layers of an embryo?

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

______ is the middle layer of an embryo; forms everything else.

mesoderm

________ is the 1st major event of organogenesis whereby ectoderm gives rise to brain & spinal cord.

neurulation

The brain and spinal cord are developed enough to measure brain waves by the end of ______ month gestation.

2nd

Mesoderm differentiates into ______ and _______.

heart and vasculature

Heart beats can be measured by ____ wk gestation.

4th

By ____ wks gestation, all organ systems are recognizable.

8

Vascular modifications are present during prenatal development to accommodate for ________ and ________.

placental circulation and lack of development to that point

Placental circulation is through the ________ and _______.

umbilical arteries and umbilical vein

Umbilical arteries provide _______ to ______. What does it do?

fetus to placenta; removes fetal waste to be filtered by placenta and excreted

Umbilical veins are ______ to _______. What does it do?

placenta to fetus; provides nutrition and gasses from maternal circulation (via placenta) to fetus

The _______ is the opening in the interatrial septum by bypassing fetal pulmonary circuit (& underdeveloped lungs).

Foramen ovale

The Foramen ovale connects the ________ to the _______.

right atrium to the left atrium

During pregnancy, organs become engorged with ______. A women's breast ______ and areolae _______.

blood; enlarge; darken

_______ is facial pigmentation increase due to elevated hormones during pregnancy.

Chloasma

What causes morning sickness during pregnancy?

elevated hCG and estrogen and progesterone

During pregnancy, the uterus _______ and fundus ascends towards the ________.

expands; xiphoid process

During pregnancy, there is an _______ tidal volume and _______ blood volume causing ________ cardiac output.

increased; increased; increased

The 2nd trimester is wks _____ gestation.

13-28

The 3rd trimester is wks _______ gestation.

29-40

At around ____ wks, fetal movement can be felt.

20

At around _____ wks, footprints & fingerprints are formed; fetus has regular sleep/wake cycle.

24

During what trimester can a women have varicose veins and hemorrhoids?

2nd

Babies born at 28 wks have a _____% survival rate, but usually still have health complications.

92

Birth <37 wks =

preterm

Birth 37-38 wks =

early term

Birth 39-20 wks =

full term

Birth 41-42 wks =

late term

Birth >42 wks =

post term

What does the placental cortisol increase in the last few weeks of pregnancy trigger? (2)

1) maturation of fetal lungs and production of surfactant

2) increased estrogen production

The thinning and softening of cervix is called ________.

effacement

Increased myometrial excitability leads to _________.

Braxton Hicks contractions

Braxton Hicks contractions are _______.

false labor

Labor is ______ feedback mechanism.

positive

________ is the longest stage of labor. Can last up to _______ hrs. Uterine contractions are initially weak -> ______ long; ____ min apart.

dilation; 6-12+; 10-30 sec; 15-30

During expulsion, uterine contractions become stronger and are typically ___ min long, and ______ min apart.

1; 2-3

_______ is when the largest dimension of head distends past the vulva.

crowning

Afterbirth, includes the _______ and _______ and are delivered within ____ min after parturition.

placenta and membranes; 30

________ is difficult or obstructed labor.

labor dystocia

_______ is a life-threatening disorder in pregnancy.

eclampsia

Eclampsia is characterized by sudden onset _______.

seizures

An infant's physical status must be assessed _____ min after birth. They are given a _________.

1-5; APGAR score

_______ is the production of milk by mammary glands.

lactation

Placental estrogens & progesterone stimulate hypothalamus & anterior pituitary for secretion of ________.

prolactin

What does prolactin do?

stimulates increased milk production