SPI Edelman Practice Questions

Which of the following statement about Doppler is most correct?

Non directional doppler uses phase-singular processing while bi-directional uses?

a: non-directional Doppler uses phase-singular processing, while bi-directional Doppler uses phase-quadrature processing.

b: non-directional Doppler uses non-coherent processing, while bi-directional Doppler uses phase-quadrature processing

c: non-directional Doppler uses autocorrelation processing, while bi-directional Doppler uses phase-quadrature processing.

b: non-directional Doppler uses non-coherent processing, while bi-directional Doppler uses phase-quadrature processing. pg.311

Which of the following transducers will have the shallowest focus?

a: low frequency, small diameter

b: high frequency, small diameter

c: high frequency, large diameter

a: low frequency, small diameter pg.136

Which of the following is the correct order of receiver operation?

a: amplification, compensation, compression, reject, demodulation

b: amplification, compression, compensation, demodulation, reject

c: attenuation, amplification, TGC, gain, threshold

d: amplification, demodulation, reject

d: amplification, demodulation, reject pg.224

What does a hydrophone measure?

a: doppler frequency of a pulsed wave system

b: dynamic range of an ultrasound imaging system

c: attenuation of sound in soft tissue.

d: receivers gain of an amplifier.

e: acoustic output of an ultrasound imaging system

acoustic output of an ultrasound imaging system pg.402

Enhancement artifact appears on an ultrasound scan. Which of the following statements is true about the structure immediately above the artifact?

a: it is hypoechoic.

b: attenuation properties are too low.

c: there is too little absorption.

d: speed of sound is too high.

e: speed of sound is too low.

c: there is too little absorption. Pg.361

Which of these terms does not belong with the others?

a: short pulse repetition period

b: shallow imaging

c: short pulse duration

d: high duty factor

e: high PRF

c: short pulse duration pg.220 box

All the following operational settings are related to improved temporal resolution EXCEPT:

a: single focus

b: shallower imaging

c: low line density

d: increased frequency

e: narrow sector

d: increased frequency pg.198

All the following statements regarding the hemodynamics of a stenosis are true EXCEPT:

a: pressure is highest upstream from the stenosis.

b: in cases of significant stenosis, the flow pattern downstream from the stenosis may be steady rather than pulsatile.

c: velocity is highest downstream from the stenosis.

d: turbulence is evident downstream from the stenosis.

e: flow direction changes as blood flows into and out of the stenosis

c: velocity is highest downstream from the stenosis. pg.292

An individual is standing. The blood pressure generated by the heart is 120 mmHg. What pressure will be measured at the ankle?

a: 400 mmHg

b: 220 mmHg

c: 100 mmHg

d: 20 mmHg

e: 120 mmHg

b: 220 mmHg pg.298

Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?

a: laminar flow

b: turbulent flow

c: layered flow

d: plug flow

e: parabolic flow

b: turbulent flow pg.287

The general mechanism which creates harmonics is called _____________.

a: Bernoulli flow

b: Nyquist limits

c: non-linear behavior

d: turbulent behavior

c: non-linear behavior pg.272

All of the following statements are true regarding mirror image artifact EXCEPT:

a: a strong reflector appears on the image.

b: a second copy of an actual reflector appears on the image.

c: the artifact appears at the same depth as the true reflector.

d: mirror image is created by reflection.

e: the distance between the artifact and the mirror is the same as the distance between the true reflector and the image.

c: the artifact appears at the same depth as the true reflector. pg.363

Which of the following situations should result in a cessation of the use of diagnostic ultrasound?

a: the presence of transient cavitation

b: when tissue temperature is more than 1 degree Centigrade above normal

c: the benefit outweighs the risk.

d: when a pregnant mother has a very high fever

e: the benefits are outweighed by the risks.

e: the benefits are outweighed by the risks.

A sound wave with a frequency of 5 MHz is travelling in soft tissue. What is the wavelength of this sound?

a: 0.5 mm

b: 0.3 cm

c: 5 mm

d: 0.3 mm

d: 0.3 mm

All the following correctly describe dynamic range EXCEPT:

a: relative

b: ratio

c: absolute

d: comparison

e: logarhythmic

c: absolute

All the following will improve temporal resolution EXCEPT:

a: slower speed of sound in a medium

b: increased line density

c: single rather than multi focus

d: higher frame rate

b: increased line density

Which of these choices has the greatest effect upon depth of view?

a: pulse repetition period

b: transducer output

c: acoustic impedance

d: pulse duration

e: spatial pulse length

a: pulse repetition period

What is the accuracy of reflector depth position on an A-mode, B-mode or M-mode display called?

a: axial resolution

b: speed error artifact

c: range resolution

d: horizontal calibration

e: depth calibration

e: depth calibration

All the following are true EXCEPT:

a: Out-of-phase waves interfere destructively.

b: Constructive interference is associated with waves that are in-phase.

c: Waves of different frequencies may exhibit both constructive and destructive interference at different times.

d: Two waves with identical frequencies must interfere constructively

d: Two waves with identical frequencies must interfere constructively

What is the maximum number of shades of gray that can be represented by 5 bits?

a: 32 shades

b: 64 shades

c: 10 shades

a: 32 shades

How much bigger is a billion (9 zeroes) than a thousand (3 zeroes)?

a: 1,000,000,000

b: 1,000

c: 100

d: 1,000,000

e: 10,000

d: 1,000,000

You are performing a quality assurance study on an ultrasound system using a tissue equivalent phantom. You make an adjustment using a knob on the system console that changes the appearance of reflector brightness from fully bright to barely visible. What are you evaluating?

a: system sensitivity

b: vertical calibration

c: dynamic range

d: slice thickness

e: resolution

a: system sensitivity

Which of the following factors determine the spatial resolution of a monitor?

a: the number of pixels per bit

b: the number of lines per frame

c: dynamic range

d:: the number of bits per inch

e: the number pixels per inch

b: the number of lines per frame

Which of the following controls on an ultrasound system's console will reduce ghosting artifact?

a: Nyquist limit

b: impedance

c: persistence

d: wall filter

e: overall gain

d: wall filter

All the following are primarily used to change the overall brightness of an entire image EXCEPT:

a: compensation

b: receiver gain

c: overall gain

d: amplification

e: output power

a: compensation

Which of the following best describes demodulation of electronic signals?

a: changing the shape or form of the signal

b: increasing the dynamic range of the signal

c: reducing the noise content of a signal

d: inserting negative voltages into the signal

a: changing the shape or form of the signal

Which of the following best describes a linear sequential array transducer?

a: electronic steering, fixed focusing, trapezoidal shaped image.

b: dynamic receive focusing, rectangular shaped image.

c: electronic steering, electronic focusing, trapezoidal shaped image.

d: mechanical steering, electronic focusing, trapezoidal shaped image.

b: dynamic receive focusing, rectangular shaped image.

Which of these factors has the greatest influence on pulse repetition period?

a: impedance of the medium

b: display depth

c: display's dynamic range.

d: attenuation of the sound beam

e: thickness of the PZT crystal

b: display depth

With phased array transducers, tiny time delays are used to steer the sound beams in different directions. Which component of an ultrasound system creates these time delays?

a: preprocessor

b: beam former.

c: demodulator

d: transducer

e: receiver

b: beam former.

A Doppler exam is performed with a 5 MHz transducer. The maximum Doppler shift is measured at 2.5 kHz. If the identical exam is performed with a 2.5 MHz transducer, what maximum Doppler shift will be measured?

a: 8 kHz

b: 2.5 kHz

c: 5 kHz

d: 1.25 kHz

d: 1.25 kHz

Under which of the following conditions is axial resolution improved?

a: decreased pulse amplitude

b: decreased beam diameter

c: decreased imaging depth

d: decreased pixel size.

e: decreased pulse duration

e: decreased pulse duration

Which of the following steps is performed just prior to storage of image data in a digital scan converter?

a: read magnification

b: rectification

c: A-to-D conversion

d: D-to-A conversion

e: demodulation

c: A-to-D conversion

A shadow appears on an ultrasound scan. Which of the following statements is true about the shadow artifact?

a: speed of sound is too high

b: attenuation properties are too low

c: there is too little absorption

d: speed of sound is too low

e: it appears as hypoechoic

e: it appears as hypoechoic

Which of the following is the cause of slice thickness artifact?

a: decreased attenuation of the sound beam at the reflector

b: bending of the sound beam during transmission

c: curved reflectors in the path of the sound beam

d: near field length too long

e: beam dimension greater in size than the reflector

e: beam dimension greater in size than the reflector

Which of the following transducers will create a sound beam with the least amount of divergence in the far field?

a: small diameter, low frequency

b: high frequency, large diameter

c: large diameter, thick crystal

d: thin crystal, high frequency

e: small diameter, thin crystal

b: high frequency, large diameter

The impedance of a transducer's active element is 1,900,000 rayls and the impedance of the skin is 1,400,000. What is an acceptable impedance for the matching layer?

a: 1,900,000 rayls

b: 1,726,444 rayls

c: 1,407,000 rayls

d: 2,400,000 rayls

e: 1,200,000 rayls

b: 1,726,444 rayls

All of the following artifacts place the erroneous reflection at the same depth as the true reflector EXCEPT.

a: refraction

b: side lobe

c: mirror image

d: grating lobe

c: mirror image

Which of these terms does not belong with the others?

a: low contrast

b: gray scale

c: wide dynamic range

d: uncompressed signal

e: few choices

e: few choices

All of the following statements are true regarding temporal resolution EXCEPT:

a: increased temporal resolution is associated with a higher PRF.

b: improved temporal resolution occurs with a narrow sector.

c: diminished temporal resolution is related to multifocusing.

d: increased line density is associated with diminished temporal resolution.

e: decreased temporal resolution is associated with a shorter pulse duration.

e: decreased temporal resolution is associated with a shorter pulse duration.

The image on an ultrasound system's display is too bright. Which of the following techniques is best to correct this problem?

a: decrease receiver gain.

b: decrease output power.

c: increase threshold.

d: decrease reject.

e: adjust time gain compensation.

b: decrease output power.

The image on an ultrasound system's display is too dark. What is the best way to correct this problem?

increase output gain or

increase amplification

An ultrasound system is imaging to a depth of 10 cm. Which of the following will be different on a single image at depths of 2 cm, 5 cm and 10 cm?

a: temporal resolution

b: contrast resolution

c: lateral resolution

d: axial resolution

c: lateral resolution

A sound beam is created by a single, disc-shaped crystal. Which of these beams has the shallowest focus?

a: 6 MHz, 9 mm diameter

b: 5 MHz, 14 mm diameter

c: 7 MHz, 9 mm diameter

d: 2 MHz, 9 mm diameter

d: 2 MHz, 9 mm diameter

Which of the following transducers will create sound with the lowest frequency?

a: thick crystal, PZT in which sound travels quickly

b: thick crystal, PZT in which sound travels slowly

c: thin crystal, PZT in which sound travels slowly

d: thin crystal, PZT in which sound travels quickly

b: thick crystal, PZT in which sound travels slowly

An annular phase array transducer is different than a linear phased array system in which way?

a: the linear can have multiple focal zones

b: the annular can create a sector shaped image

c: the linear is steered mechanically

d: the annular is steered mechanically

e: the linear has higher pulse repetition frequency

d: the annular is steered mechanically

An ultrasound system is set at 0 dB and is transmitting at full intensity. What is the output power when the system is transmitting at 50% of full intensity?

a: 10 dB

b: -50 dB

c: -3 dB

d: 3 dB

c: -3 dB

Which of these terms means 'many gray shades?'

a: few choices

b: highly compressed signal

c: bistable

d: high contrast

e: wide dynamic range

e: wide dynamic range pg.268

Which of the following adjustments will increase the signal-to-noise ratio?

a: increasing output power

b: decrease reject

c: decreasing depth gain compensation

d: decreasing amplification

a: increasing output power pg.219

Which of the following best describes the mechanistic approach to the study of bioeffects?

a: causation-reaction

b: effect-microstreaming

c: cause-effect

d: risk-benefit

e: exposure-response

c: cause-effect pg.407

Under which circumstance is cavitation most likely to occur?

a: high frequency and low power

b: high intensity and high frequency

c: low frequency and high signal amplitude

d: low intensity and low frequency

c: low frequency and high signal amplitude pg.412

The interaction of microscopic bubbles and ultrasound form the basis for cavitation bioeffects. Which of the following forms of cavitation are most likely to produce microstreaming in the intracellular fluid and shear stresses?

a: stable cavitation

b: active cavitation

c: normal cavitation

d: inertial cavitation

e: transient cavitation

a: stable cavitation pg.411

All of the following statements regarding the hemodynamics of a stenosis are true EXCEPT:

a: pressure is lowest downstream from the stenosis

b: turbulence is evident downstream from the stenosis

c: velocity is highest within the stenosis

d: in cases of significant stenosis, the flow pattern downstream from the stenosis may be steady rather than pulsatile

e: flow direction changes as blood flows into and out of the stenosis

a: pressure is lowest downstream from the stenosis pg.292

The minimum number of transducer crystals needed to perform continuous wave Doppler is ______ and the minimum number of transducer crystals needed to perform pulsed Doppler is ______.

a: one, two

b: one, one

c: two, one

c: two, one pg.312

At what location in a sound beam is the SPTA intensity the highest?

a: Fraunhofer zone

b: half value depth

c: focal zone

d: focal point

d: focal point

All of the following terms are associated with PACS systems EXCEPT:

a: easy access to archived studies

b: large capacity storage devices

c: analog replay

d: store and forward telemedicine

c: analog replay

Which of the following forms of focusing is achieved during reception?

a: lens

b: dynamic aperture

c: external

d: internal

e: excitation phasing

b: dynamic aperture

Under which of the following conditions is lateral resolution improved?

Select one:

a: decreased beam diameter

b: decreased pixel size

c: decreased pulse duration

d: decreased spatial pulse length

e: decreased imaging depth

a: decreased beam diameter

Which of these statements is most true of a 25 MHz sound pulse?

a: highly attenuating, short spatial pulse length

b: long period, short wavelength

c: highly attenuating, extremely fast propagation speed, long wavelength

d: lowly attenuating, very deep half value layer, short period

short wavelength,

a: highly attenuating, short spatial pulse length

An individual is supine. The blood pressure generated by the heart is 120 mmHg. What is the hydrostatic pressure at the ankle?

a: 0 mmHg

b: 400 mmHg

c: 20 mmHg

d: 120 mmHg

a: 0 mmHg

The thickness of a PZT crystal is _____ of the wavelength of sound in the PZT. The thickness of the matching layer is ________ of the wavelength of sound in the matching layer.

a: one-half, twice

b: one-third, one-half

c: one-half, one-quarter

d: equal to, one-quarter

c: one-half, one-quarter

In a real time scanner, which of these choices determines the maximum frame rate?

a: attenuation coefficient

b: lateral resolution

c: beam diameter

d: depth of view

d: depth of view

With an unfocused transducer, what is the area from the face of the transducer to where the beam diverges called?

a: far field

b: near field

c: focal zone

d: focal length

b: near field

Which of the following is the spectral analysis technique of choice for pulsed and continuous wave Doppler?

a: autocorrelation for pulsed Doppler and continuous wave Doppler

b: fast Fourier transform for pulsed Doppler; autocorrelation for continuous wave Doppler

c: fast Fourier transform

c: fast Fourier transform

A sound wave's frequency is 10 MHz. The wave is travelling in soft tissue. What is its wavelength?

a: 10 MHz

b: 0.15 mm

c: 0.77 mm

b: 0.15 mm

A circular hyperechoic structure is located at a depth of 5 cm. The structure has abnormally low attenuation and the speed of sound in the mass is 1,400 m/s. Which of the following artifacts is most likely to appear beneath the structure?

a: reflectors beneath the structure appear abnormally hyperechoic and too shallow

b: reflectors beneath the structure are hypoechoic and too shallow

c: reflectors beneath the structure appear abnormally deep in the image

c: reflectors beneath the structure appear abnormally deep in the image pg.364

Which of the components of attenuation is related to frequency raised to the fourth power?

a: Absorption

b: Diffuse reflection

c: Backscatter

d: Rayleigh scattering

d: Rayleigh scattering

All of the following result from the use of backing material in a transducer EXCEPT:

a: low Q-factor

b: reduced spatial pulse length

c: wide bandwidth

d: shorter pulse duration

e: high sensitivity

e: high sensitivity

Which of the following will result in the highest mechanical index?

a: low frequency and high signal amplitude

b: high frequency and low power

c: high intensity and high frequency

d: low intensity and low frequency

a: low frequency and high signal amplitude

An individual is standing. The blood pressure generated by the heart is 120 mmHg. What is the HYDROSTATIC pressure at the ankle?

a: 120 mmHg

b: 400 mmHg

c: 20 mmHg

d: 220 mmHg

e: 100 mmHg

e: 100 mmHg

A pulse is emitted by a transducer and is travelling in soft tissue. The go-return time, or time-of-flight, of a sound pulse is 130 microseconds. What is the reflector depth?

a: 130 mm

b: 13 cm

c: 10 cm

d: 10 mm

e: 10 m

c: 10 cm

What is displayed on the x-axis of an m-mode image?

a: echo intensity

b: time-of-flight

c: red blood cell velocity

d: reflector depth

e: time

e: time pg.163

A Doppler exam is performed with a 4 MHz transducer. The maximum Doppler shift is measured at 2.5 kHz. If the identical exam is performed with an 8 MHz transducer, what maximum Doppler shift will be measured?

a: 5 kHz

b: 1.25 kHz

c: 2.5 kHz

d: 8 kHz

a: 5 kHz

What is the significance of grey scale variation in the spectrum of a pulsed wave Doppler display?

a: it determines the ensemble length

b: it represents the convergence of red blood cell lamina

c: it represents the number of red blood cells creating the reflection

d: it represents the speed of red blood cells

e: it represents the velocity of red blood cells

c: it represents the number of red blood cells creating the reflection

Which of the following best describes a vector array transducer?

a: mechanical steering, electronic focusing, trapezoidal shaped image

b: electronic steering, electronic focusing, sector shaped image

c: electronic steering, electronic focusing, rectangular shaped image

d: electronic steering, fixed focusing, trapezoidal shaped image

e: electronic steering, electronic focusing, trapezoidal shaped image

e: electronic steering, electronic focusing, trapezoidal shaped image

Which of the following best describes annular array transducers?

a: excellent lateral resolution, diminished axial resolution, sector shaped image

b: excellent spatial resolution, diminished lateral resolution, sector shaped image

c: excellent axial resolution, diminished temporal resolution, rectangular shaped image

d: excellent lateral resolution, diminished temporal resolution, sector shaped image

d: excellent lateral resolution, diminished temporal resolution, sector shaped image

A shadow appears on an ultrasound scan. Which of the following statements is true about the structure immediately above the shadowing artifact?

a: it is hypoechoic

b: attenuation properties are too high

c: there is too little absorption

d: speed of sound is too low

b: attenuation properties are too high

An ultrasound system places 100 mm spaced objects 90 mm apart on a display. What distance will 50 mm spaced objects be separated by on the display?

a: 5 mm

b: 45 mm

c: 100 mm

d: 55 mm

e: 95 mm

b: 45 mm ( ms. v said take away same percentage, so take 10%)

Which component of an ultrasound system exposes the patient to the greatest risk?

a: spark autoregulator

b: pulser

c: high voltage display tube

d: beam former

e: transducer

e: transducer

Which of the following lists is in decreasing order?

a: nano, micro, milli, kilo

b: kilo, hecto, deci, milli, micro, nano

c: mega, macro, milli, nano, pico

d: mega, nano, deci, deca, micro

b: kilo, hecto, deci, milli, micro, nano

Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on temporal resolution?

a: output power and frequency

b: propagation speed of sound in the medium and the imaging depth

c: wavelength of sound and propagation speed in the medium

b: propagation speed of sound in the medium and the imaging depth

Improving the ability to measure the maximum velocity with Doppler is accomplished with all of the following EXCEPT:

a: increase the transducer's frequency

b: decrease the depth that you are sampling

c: use baseline shift

d: increase the scale

a: increase the transducer's frequency

Which of the following best describes the empirical approach to the study of bioeffects?

a: effect-microstreaming

b: causation-reaction

c: exposure-response

d: risk-benefit

e: cause-effect

c: exposure-response

Which of the following statements related to venous flow is most correct?

Select one:

a: During inspiration, venous flow in the arms increases. During expiration, venous flow in the legs decreases.

b: During inspiration, venous flow in the arms decreases. During expiration, venous flow in the legs decreases.

c: During inspiration, venous flow in the arms increases. During expiration, venous flow in the legs increases.

c: During inspiration, venous flow in the arms increases. During expiration, venous flow in the legs increases. Pg.300

The image on an ultrasound system's display is too dark. Which of the following techniques is best to correct this problem?

a: increase threshold

b: increase receiver gain

c: increase reject

d: increase power

b: increase receiver gain

Quality assurance studies should be performed ____________ .

a: weekly

b: 1 week prior to Joint Commission review

c: routinely

d: daily

c: routinely

Which of the following will result in the greatest number of shades of gray in a digital image display?

a: narrow dynamic range

b: large pixels with many bits/pixel

c: high contrast

d: many TV lines per frame

e: small pixels with few bits/pixel

b: large pixels with many bits/pixel

Which of the following user-adjustable controls has the single greatest affect upon Doppler color jet size?

a: color Doppler gain settings

b: red blood cell velocity

c: doppler/echo read write priority

d: packet size

e: ensemble length

a: color Doppler gain settings

Which of the following receiver functions cannot be adjusted by the sonographer?

a: compression

b: threshold

c: compensation

d: amplification

e: demodulation

e: demodulation

Which of the following sound waves is ultrasonic and least useful in diagnostic imaging?

a: 8,000 Hz

b: 3,000 kHz

c: 15 Hz

d: 30 KHz

e: 8 MHz

d: 30 KHz

When a sound beam bounces off a reflector at an oblique angle, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. What is this called?

a: Poiseuille's Law

b: Edelman's Law

c: Snell's Law

d: there is no special name for this

e: Bernoulli's Principle

d: there is no special name for this

Which of the following is not used to measure the output of ultrasound systems?

a: thermocouple

b: calorimeter

c: hydrophone

d: calibrated absorpterometer

d: calibrated absorpterometer

With an unfocused transducer, what is the narrowest part of the beam where it starts to diverge called?

a: focal length

b: focus

c: focal zone

d: far field

b: focus

Which of the following is associated with power mode Doppler?

a: poor temporal resolution and flash artifact

b: lower sensitivity and good temporal resolution

c: high sensitivity and high frame rates

flash artifact and reduced sensitivity

d: good temporal resolution and flash artifact

a: poor temporal resolution and flash artifact pg.337

You are performing a Doppler interrogation of the carotid artery of a patient with a history of CVA. At what Doppler angle is the velocity estimate most accurate?

a: 90 degrees

b: 30 degrees

c: 45 degrees

d: 60 degrees

e: zero degrees

e: zero degrees pg.310

All of the following are true of sound waves EXCEPT:

a: Regions of rarefaction are associated with lower pressure and lower density.

b: they are comprised of rarefactions and compressions

c: Sound waves carry energy from one location to another

d: they are mechanical, transverse waves

e: Sound waves can create bioeffects.

d: they are mechanical, transverse waves

All of the following are true of normal cavitation EXCEPT:

a: only a 10% increase in pressure is needed to convert to this from stable cavitation

b: it is also known as inertial cavitation

temperatures in the thousands of degrees is created

c: it is consistent with shock waves

d: harmful bioeffects are commonly observed

d: harmful bioeffects are commonly observed pg.411

All of the following are related to dedicated continuous wave transducers EXCEPT:

a: undamped crystal

b: wide bandwidth

c: requires at least 2 crystals in the probe

d: high sensitivity

e: high Q-factor

b: wide bandwidth pg.313

All of the following statements regarding in-vitro bioeffects are true EXCEPT:

a: In vitro bioeffects are very important

b: in vitro bioeffects may not be applicable to clinical settings

c: In vitro bioeffects are always real

d: In vitro bioeffects conclusions are clinically relevant

d: In vitro bioeffects conclusions are clinically relevant pg.405

In which of these media will sound travel the slowest?

a: low density, low stiffness

b: high density, low stiffness

c: high density, low elasticity

d: high density, high stiffness

e: low density, high stiffness

b: high density, low stiffness pg.38

All of the following artifacts place the erroneous reflection below the true reflector EXCEPT"

a: mirror image

b: reverberation

c: ring down

d: side lobe

e: comet tail

d: side lobe pg.367