[PCOG-LEC-FIN-02-PT2] PEPTIDE HORMONES & THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THIS FLASHCARDS IS ABOUT [PCOG] ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - BIOSYNTHESIS OF CATECHOLAMINE HORMONES.

Endocrine System

This is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, seksual function, reproduction, sleep, mood and among other things.

• Metabolism

• Growth and Development

• Tissue and Seksual Function

• Reproduction

• Sleep and Mood

What are the (5) Things that the Endocrine System regulates?

Hint: Met-GD-TiRS

Excessive or Diminished Activity

Disturbance in the function may take the form of ______ activity or ________ activity of the Endocrine System.

Diseases

Any disturbance of the functions, either due to excessive activity (hyperfunction) or diminished activity (hypofunction), it would cause hormonal imbalance leading to?

• Adrenal Glands

• Thyroid Glands

• Pituitary Gland

• Pancreas

• Parathyroid Hormone + Calcitonin

• Gastrointestinal Hormone

The Endocrine System consists of (6)?

Hint: ATP-PPG

• Posterior

• Anterior

The pituitary gland is divided into two called?

Thyroid Glands

Calcitonin is produced in the?

Adrenal Glands

Part of the Endocrine System:

A pair of small glands situated over the superior medial aspects of each kidneys. Embryologically, histologically, and functionally of two (2) distinct glandular entities that are grossly combined into one organ.

Superior medial aspect of each kidneys

Where are the adrenal glands situated?

Eustachius

Adrenal Glands was first described by who?

Suprarenals

What is the other term for adrenal glands?

• Adrenal Cortex

• Adrenal Medulla

The adrenal glands are composed of (2) Distinct Glandular Entities. What are they?

Steroid Hormones

The adrenal cortex secretes what hormones?

• Epinephrine

• Norepinephrine

The adrenal medulla secretes what hormones (2)?

1. Adrenal Medulla

2. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

3. Sympathomimetic amines

The (1)__________ is not essential for life, and no specific deficiency or disease is associated with its absence. The therapeutic use of (2)________ and ________ is mainly based on the pharmacology of (3)________ amines, rather than on the principle of hormone replacement, unlike other hormones.

Adrenal Cortex

What is the most essential glandular entity of adrenal glands?

• Epinephrine

• Norepinephrine

• Dopamine

What are the (3) Hormones of Adrenal Glands?

Hint: END

Tyrosine

What is the precursor for Catecholamine Hormones?

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalnine (DOPA)

After tyrosine, there is?

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalnine

DOPA stands for?

1. Tyrosine

2. DOPA

3. Dopamine

4. Norepinephrine

5. Epinephrine

What is the sequence of the Biosynthesis of Catecholamine Hormones (5)?

Hint: TDD-NorEp

Info

1. Tyrosine is oxidized by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (rate-limiting step) to form L-DOPA.

2. L-DOPA is then decarboxylated by L-DOPA decarboxylase, producing dopamine.

3. Dopamine synthesis is inhibited by carbidopa.

4. The dopamine is then stored in the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which is inhibited by reserpine.

5. Once inside the vesicle, dopamine is converted to norepinephrine through the action of the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase.

6. Norepinephrine is the major sympathetic neurotransmitter.

7. In the adrenal medulla, norepinephrine is further converted to epinephrine by the enzyme Phenylethanol-N-methyltransferase (PNMT).

Tyrosine

What is the starting amino acid in catecholamine synthesis?

Tyrosine hydroxylase

What is the rate-limiting enzyme that converts tyrosine into L-DOPA?

L-DOPA

What is the product formed from tyrosine by tyrosine hydroxylase?

L-DOPA decarboxylase

Which enzyme converts L-DOPA to dopamine?

Carbidopa

What drug inhibits the formation of dopamine from L-DOPA?

Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

What transporter stores dopamine inside vesicles?

Reserpine

What drug inhibits VMAT?

Dopamine B-hydroxylase

Which enzyme converts dopamine to norepinephrine?

Norpeinephrine

What is the major sympathetic neurotransmitter produced?

Phenylethanol-N-methyltransferase

Which enzyme converts norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?