Preventative veterinary medicine exam
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24 Terms
1. Recovery programmes in infectious diseases of cattle
Recovery programs in general deal with the handling of certain diseases affecting species of animals. This means it comprises:
Outbreak strategies, identification of signs, diagnosis, and treatment
1. FMD (foot and mouth disease)
Highly contagious disease caused by picornavirus
Outbreak strategy: slaughter of all infected/suspected animals, proper disposal of carcasses, disinfect all equipment that was in contact with infected animal, implement strict quarantine, contact neighbouring farms as virus can spread through wind
No treatment, focus on well-executed preventive measures, maintain good sanitation
2. BSE (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
Prion disease
Outbreak strategy: identify neurological signs, slaughter affected animals, and animals born in the same herd.
Do not feed on infected food of animal origin, as this might be the source of transmission.
3. Tuberculosis
Etiology: Mycobacterium bovis
Outbreak strategy: TB testing, slaughtering of positive animals - quarantine, post-mortem inspection of carcasses
4. Bovine brucellosis
Etiology: Brucella abortus , disease causing severe reproductive problems
Outbreak strategy: slaughter all positive animals, destroy infected placenta, contaminated bedding, or foetus, disinfection/cleaning, vaccination in endemic areas, milk ring test.
Anthrax
Etiology: deadly disease caused by Bacillus anthracis
Outbreak strategy: sick animals should be isolated, no necropsy in open field, destruction of contaminated soil, effective carcass disposal, and vaccination in endemic areas.
2. Recovery programmes in infectious diseases of swine
Recovery programs in general deals with handling of certain diseases affecting species of animals. This means it comprises:
Outbreak strategies, identification of signs, diagnosis, and treatment
CSF/ASF (Classical/African swine fever)
Etiology: Viral disease caused by flavivirus (CSF) and asfivirus (ASF)
Outbreak strategy:
→ CSF: early detection, movement control, slaughter, and disposal
→ ASF: no vaccine, strict import policies
Aujezkys disease
Etiology: Herpesvirus 1 (HV1)
Outbreak strategy: radical methods, testing, isolation, sanitation and hygiene, marker vaccine available
Swine influenza
Etiology: Orthomyxovirus
Outbreak strategy: good nutritional and hygiene practices, separation of sick and healthy animals
Brucellosis
Etiology: Brucella suis
Outbreak strategy: elimination of infectious animals causing reproductive problems, elimination/destruction of placenta, and contaminated beddings.
Swine vesicular disease
Etiology: Enterovirus
Outbreak strategy: restriction, screening, cleaning/disinfection
3. Recovery programmes in infectious diseases of sheep and goats
Recovery programs in general deals with handling of certain diseases affecting species of animals. This means it comprises:
Outbreak strategies, identification of signs, diagnosis, and treatment
Sheep and goat pox
Etiology: Poxivirus
Outbreak strategy: removing infected animals (culling), disposal of carcasses, quarantine for new animals, vaccination in endemic areas.
Pestes de petits ruminants
Etiology: Paramyxovirus
Outbreak strategy: fast diagnosis, removal of infected animals (culling), movement control, disinfection
Maedi visna virus
Etiology: Lentivirus
Respiratory signs (maedi) and neurological signs (visna)
Outbreak strategy: removal of infected animals, quarantine, disinfection
Bluetongue
Etiology: Orbivirus.
Outbreak strategy: quarantine, slaughter, if necessary, disinfection, vector control, supportive care, movement control
Brucella
Etiology: Brucella melitensis
causes reproductive problems.
Outbreak strategies: elimination of positive animals, quarantine, milk pasteurization, destruction of infected placenta, foetus, and contaminated bedding
4. Recovery programmes in infectious diseases of horses
Recovery programs in general deals with handling of certain diseases affecting species of animals. This means it comprises:
Outbreak strategies, identification of signs, diagnosis, and treatment
Glanders
Etiology: Burkholderia mallei
Outbreak strategy: elimination of positive animals, proper disposal, surveillance,
CS – cause acute pulmonary and chronic cutaneous form.
African horse sickness
Etiology: transmitted by biting midges: vector control
Outbreak strategy: euthanasia of positive animals, quarantine, vector control, disinfection, movement control
West Nile fever
Etiology: flavivirus
mosquito-borne disease, birds are the reservoir.
Outbreak strategy: surveillance of migratory birds, vectors control, vaccination in endemic area
Equine influenza
Etiology: Orthomyxovirus.
Outbreak strategy: vaccination in endemic areas, removal of infected animals, quarantine, sanitation, and disinfection
Equine herpesvirus
Is a latent virus that stays latent for life.
Outbreak strategy: no specific treatment, vaccination, separation of infected animals, quarantine, disinfection/sanitation
5. Preventive and control measures in cattle farms
Preventive and control measures are important to ensure good conditions on a farm. We can divide the preventive and control measures according to:
Non-specific disease control:
Consider the geographical location in relation to other farms, roads, water sources, wildlife, and vectors.
Implement a
→ black and white system
→ all-in-all-out system
→ closed herd
→ quarantine of new animals
Control water and feed intake/quality to prevent disease
Maintain good hygiene and sanitation as well as vaccination programs
Manage stress, keep vaccination records
Practice proper grassland management
Specific disease control:
Tuberculin testing – injection of 0.1ml sc into neck, monitor positive result (swelling) after 72h.
Mastitis control – hygiene, teat washing/dipping, control at milking time
Tests for import and export – Brucella
Testing for miscarriage – Q-fever, brucella
6. Vaccination programs in cattle
Most vaccines are recommendations, meaning that vaccinations are in general done according to the epizootiological situation, and therefore the schemes may vary.
Not recommended vaccines: FMD, tuberculosis and paratuberculosis
Vaccination scheme for cattle:
Calves | Dairy cow |
2 weeks: BRD, ringworm + booster | Before breeding: leptospirosis, BRD |
3 weeks: Salmonella + booster | Before drying: Coliform mastitis, clostridium |
Just before first grazing: lungworm (2 doses) | Before calving: Salmonella, neonatal diarrhoea |
7. Preventive and control measures in sheep and goat farms
- Preventive and control measures are important to ensure good conditions on a farm. We can divide the preventive and control measures according to:
o Non-specific control measures:
§ Consider geographical location to other farms, vectors, water sources and roads.
§ Implement black and white system and all-in all-out systems, closed herds, and quarantine measures.
§ Ensure water and food sources, its quality and the consuming to prevent disease.
§ Ensure good hygiene, disinfection, and sanitation measures, as well as biosecurity measures to eliminate microbes and prevent spread of disease.
§ Environmental conditions – prevent stress.
§ Practice grassland measures
o Specific control measures:
§ Tests for import and export
· TB test – 0.1ml in neck – wait 72 hours to monitor swelling of the application site.
§ Testing for miscarriage:
· Pestes de petits ruminants, Q-fever, brucella
§ Mastitis control
8. Vaccination programs in sheep and goats
- NB: most vaccines are recommendations. This means vaccinations are in general done according to epizootiological situation, and therefore the schemes may vary.
- Vaccination scheme for sheep and goat (CMCCC):
Vaccine | Time |
Clostridium, tetanus | Given if the animal is not slaughtered before 16 weeks of age Given at 12th week of age + booster |
Mannheimia haemolytica | At 2 weeks of age |
Campylobacter | Before breeding + 90 days later |
Chlamydia abortus | 60 days before breeding + 30 days before breeding |
Caseous lymphadenitis | 3 months of age + booster |
9. Preventive and control measures in swine farms
- Preventive and control measures are important to ensure good conditions on a farm. We can divide the. Preventive and control measures according to:
o Non-specific disease control:
§ Determine geographical location in relation to neighbouring farms, water sources, vectors, wildlife, and roads.
§ Implement black and white systems, all-in all-out systems, closed herds, and quarantine measures.
§ Control water and feed consumption/quality to avoid disease.
§ Maintenance of proper cleaning, hygiene, disinfection, and sanitation – kill microbes and prevent spread.
§ Environmental conditions – prevent stress.
§ Proper grassland maintenance
o Specific disease control:
§ Import/export control – aujezkys disease, swine influenza
· Animal must be examined within 24 hours of export – should be free of CS indicating disease.
· Swine must come from brucella-free stock.
§ Strict import controls – quarantine and control measures
§ Slaughter positive testing animals for Aujezkys and brucellosis
§ Miscarriage should be tested for several diseases (aujezkys, CSF/ASF)
10. Vaccination programs in swine
- Most vaccines are recommendations. This means there is no specific scheme that must be followed. The vaccination scheme often varies and is designed according the epizootiological situation in the area.
- Vaccination scheme in swine:
Vaccine | Time |
Mycoplasma, erysipelas, rhinitis | 1 week old |
Circovirus | 3 weeks old |
Booster of mycoplasma, erysipelas, rhinitis | 4 weeks |
Leptospirosis, erysipelas, parvovirus | Adults |
11. Preventive and control measures in horse farms
- Preventive and control measures are important to ensure good conditions on the farm. We can divide the control measures into:
o Non-specific control measures:
§ Detect geographical location in relation to neighbouring farms, water sources, vectors, wildlife, and roads.
§ Implement black and white systems, all-in all-out systems, closed herds, and quarantine measures.
§ Maintain good water and food quality to prevent disease.
§ Good hygiene, disinfection, and sanitation measures + biosecurity to eliminate microbes on the place of possible outbreak, and to prevent further spread.
§ Environmental conditions – prevent stress affecting animals.
§ Practice maintenance of grassland.
o Specific control measures:
§ Quarantine and control during export/import
§ Glanders: serology and culling of infected animals.
§ Miscarriage disease:
· Equine herpesvirus 1: serology, vaccination, isolation
§ Control of vector borne diseases:
· African horse sickness, equine encephalomyelitis, dourine
12. Vaccination programs in horses
- Most vaccines are recommendations. This means that the vaccination scheme varies in correspondence to many factors. The veterinarian can help to design the scheme, and often the scheme is designed in relation to the epizootiological situation in the area.
- The main aim of vaccination is to develop and maintain individual and herd immunity against specific infectious agents that can serve as a threat for the animals.
- Vaccination scheme in horses:
Vaccine | Time |
Tetanus | Foals either from: Non-vaccinated mare: - 1st dose: 3-4 months - 2nd dose: 4-5 months Vaccinated mare: - 1st dose: 6 months - 2nd dose: 7 moths |
Influenza | Either from: Non-vaccinated mare: - 1st dose: 6 months - 2nd dose: 7 months - 3rd dose: 8 months Vaccinated mare - 1st dose: 9 months - 2nd dose: 10 months - 3rd dose: 11-12 months |
Rhinopneumonitis | 1st dose: 4-6 months 2nd dose: 5-7 months 3rd dose: 6-8 months + booster |
Strangles | 1st dose: 4-6 months 2nd dose: 5-7 months 3rd dose: 6-8 months + booster |
West Nile Fever | 1st dose: 3-4 months 2nd dose: 1 month after |
13. Preventive and control measures in ZOO
- Prevention and control measures are important on farms, but also in zoos.
- In zoos, the preventive and control measures vary a bit compared to the non-specific and specific measures recognized in farm and stable animals
- Preventive and control measures in ZOO animals are reflected in:
o Quarantine: animals transported to zoos should be placed into quarantine for at least 30 days.
o Quarantine protocol involves:
§ Marking of animal
§ Implementing preventive measures
§ Results of examination – tests, clinical examination, parasite exam
o Quarantine recommendations:
§ For primates: coprology, chest radiography, serological testing
§ For Equidae and ruminants: tuberculin test, brucellosis, IBR
§ For carnivores: dirofilarial, serology, feline leukaemia
§ For birds: salmonella
o Other preventive measures:
§ Black and white system, vaccination
14. Vaccination programs in ZOO
- Vaccinations are only recommendations. This means that the vaccination scheme can vary. They can be based on the veterinarian’s opinion, and epizootiological situation.
- When it comes to zoo animals, there are several types of animal species that have differently designed vaccination schemes (PEC, BMR)
Animal group | Vaccination | Frequency |
Primates: apes/monkeys | Poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus | Annually |
Exotic felids | Feline panleukopenia, feline rhinotracheitis | Annually |
Canidae: fox, wolf | Canine distemper, canine adenovirus-2, canine parvovirus | Annually |
Bears | Canine adenovirus-2 | Annually |
Mustelids | Canine distemper, canine adenovirus-2 | Annually |
Ruminantia: deer, sheep, goat, antelope | BVD, clostridium, Leptospira, parainfluenza | Annually |
15. Preventive and control measures in carnivore fur animals
- Preventive and control measures are very important to ensure good and healthy conditions in farms, stables and in zoos.
- The measures are divided into:
o Non-specific disease control:
§ Consider geographical localization in relation to neighbouring farms, water sources, roads, vectors, and wildlife.
§ Implement black and white system and all-in all-out systems, closed herds, and vaccine control.
§ Maintain water and food quality to minimize risk of disease.
§ Provide with good cleaning, disinfection, and sanitation measures + biosecurity to eliminate microbes and prevent further spread.
§ Environmental conditions – avoid stress for the animal
§ Practice grassland maintenance
o Specific disease control:
§ Rabies – foxes
· Catching stray animals, disposal of dead animal bodies, isolation and monitoring of susceptible animals, report human and animal exposure (seen by change in behaviour of domestic animal)
16. Vaccination programs in carnivore fur animals
- Vaccination is based on recommendations. In general, this means the vaccination scheme can vary between individuals. The veterinarian can design the vaccination scheme according to epizootiological situation in the given area.
- Vaccination scheme in carnivore fur animals:
Vaccine | Time |
FOX | |
Distemper | 1st dose: 8 weeks 2nd dose: 12 weeks 3rd dose: 10 months |
Infectious hepatitis | 1st dose: 10 weeks 2nd dose: 10 months |
Dermatomycosis | 1st dose: 4 weeks 2nd dose: 4-8 days after |
Rabies | 1st dose: 2 months 2nd dose: annually |
FERRET | |
Distemper | 1st dose: 8 weeks 2nd dose: 12 weeks |
Rabies | 1st dose: 3 months – annually |
MINK | |
Distemper | 1st dose: 10 weeks |
Mink viral enteritis | Non-vaccinated mother: 7-8 weeks Vaccinated mother: 12-13 weeks |
Rabies |
|
17. Preventive and control measures in herbivores fur animals
- Preventive and control measures are important in farming of animals to keep a clean and healthy environment for the animals.
- Herbivores fur animals = rabbits, hares, guinea pigs, chinchillas
- Prevention and control measures include:
o Control wild animals near fur animals
o Control of disease – haemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis are highly contagious diseases
o Ringworms – put rabbits in quarantine
o Rabbit syphilis:
§ Affected animals must be separated.
§ New animals must be tested and put in quarantine.
o Maintain good hygiene, sanitation and health measures.
18. Vaccination programs in herbivores fur animals
- Vaccination is in general based on recommendations. This means that the vaccination scheme can vary between individuals based on several factors. Veterinarians can design a fitting vaccination scheme based on the epizootiological situation in the area.
- Vaccination scheme in herbivores fur animals:
Vaccine | Time |
Haemorrhagic disease of rabbit | 1st dose: 4-6 weeks 2nd dose: annually |
Myxomatosis | 1st dose: 10 weeks 2nd dose: every 4 months |
Pasteurellosis | 1st dose: 4 weeks 2nd dose: 7 weeks 3rd doses: 10 weeks |
Trichophytes | 1st dose: 6 weeks 2nd dose: 8-12 weeks |
19. Preventive and control measures in poultry farms
- Preventive and control measures ae important for the safety of farmed animals, in this case, chicken farms
- We can divide the preventive and control measures into:
o Non-specific control of disease:
§ Detect geographical location in relation to neighbouring farms, water sources, vectors, roads, and wildlife. Prevent contact with birds to prevent transmission of disease such as avian influenza and newcastle disease.
§ Implement black and white systems, all-in and all-out systems, closed herds, vaccination schedules.
§ Water and food quality to prevent cause of disease.
§ Maintain good hygiene and sanitation to eliminate possible microbes and spread of disease
§ Environmental conditions – prevent stress.
o Specific control of disease:
§ Marek’s disease: vaccinate 1-day old chickens.
§ Vaccinate early for several diseases, such as infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngeotracheitis and Newcastle.
§ Revaccinate, especially newcastle in layers about 4 times.
§ Fowl cholera: good hygiene, disinfection measures, and rodent control
20. Vaccination programs in poultry
- Vaccination programs are in general based on recommendations. This means that the vaccination scheme can vary between individuals depending on the veterinarians’ opinion, and on the epizootiological situation in the area.
- Vaccination scheme in chickens
Vaccine | Age | Rout |
BROILER | ||
Marek’s disease | 1 day of age | SC |
Newcastle, infectious bronchitis | 2-3 weeks of age | PO/spray |
Infectious bursal disease | 2-3 weeks | PO/spray |
LAYER | ||
Marek’s disease | 1 day of age | SC |
Newcastle, infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease | 2-3 weeks | Water |
Newcastle, infectious bronchitis | 5-10 weeks | Water |
Avian pox, fowl cholera, avian encephalomyelitis, infectious chicken anemia | 10-12 weeks | Wing web, parenteral, intraocular |
Mycoplasma | 12-14 weeks | Introcular |
Newcastle, infectious bronchitis | 14-18 weeks | Water |
21. Preventive and control measures in dogs
- Preventive and control measures are in general important when it comes to protection from disease and its spread.
- When it comes to dogs, we can apply control and preventive measures in this way:
- Control measures:
o Vaccination – according to scheme
o Rapid testing
§ Dirofilaria, giardia, trichophyton
o Quarantine – holding of captures stray with unknown health status for 3 months.
§ Shelter – holding of strays after quarantine time is over
- Preventive measures:
o Health of dog and bitch:
§ Nutrition: quality feed
§ Vaccinations and revaccinations
§ Antiparasitic: ecto- and endoparasites
§ Hygiene, disinfection, and rodent control
o Before parturition:
§ Cause of abortion (brucellosis)
o Until weaning:
§ Clinical examination
o After weaning:
§ Vaccination and antiparasitic program
o Puppies:
§ Colostrum quality
§ Maternal nutrition
§ Environmental hygiene
§ Deworming puppies
22. Vaccination programs in dogs
- Vaccinations are in general based on recommendations. This means that the vaccination scheme can look different in individuals. The veterinarian can create a vaccination scheme. Based on many factors, one of the being epizootiological situation.
- The vaccination scheme in dogs can look like this:
Vaccine | Time |
BAD epizootiological situation | |
Canine distemper, canine parvovirus | 5-6 weeks 7-8 weeks |
Canine distemper, infectious hepatitis, canine parvovirus, parainfluenza, leptospirosis
| 9-10 weeks 10-12 weeks |
Rabies | From 13 weeks |
GOOD epizootiological situation | |
Canine distemper, infectious hepatitis, canine parvovirus, parainfluenza (DHPPi) | From 8 weeks |
Canine distemper, infectious hepatitis, canine parvovirus, parainfluenza + leptospirosis | Week 11 and week 14 |
Rabies | From week 17 |
23. Preventive and control measures in cats
- Preventive and control measures are important to prevent disease.
- In cats, we are implementing several preventive and controlling measures:
o Maintain good hygiene, disinfection, and sanitation measures to prevent disease.
o Vaccination programs: vaccine should be given in appropriate time and avoided in sick animals.
o Important vaccines as preventive measures for kittens are:
§ Panleukopenia, rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, rabies
§ Feline leukaemia vaccine is recommended for outdoor cats.
o Rapi tests:
§ FIV, FeL – blood smear
24. Vaccination programs in cats
- Vaccination is based on recommendations. This means that vaccination scheme can look different in individuals. Often the veterinarian designs a vaccination scheme based on epizootiological situation.
Vaccine | Time |
Panleukopenia, calicivirus, herpesvirus (tricat, purevax) | 9 weeks and 11 weeks |
Rabies | From 15 weeks |
Panleukopenia, calicivirus, herpesvirus, and rabies | Revaccination – annually |