EN11 - Diseases of Genital Tracts/Breast Pathology

What bacterium causes syphilis?

Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum.

What type of bacterium is Treponema pallidum?

Treponema pallidum is a spirochete.

Why has the incidence of syphilis increased according to the lecture?

The incidence of syphilis has increased in homosexual men.

What type of infection is syphilis primarily?

Syphilis is primarily a genital infection.

Where is syphilis commonly found orally?

Syphilis is common on the tongue and other oral sites.

What are the three stages of syphilis?

The three stages of syphilis are primary, secondary, and tertiary syphilis.

What lesion characterizes primary syphilis?

Primary syphilis is characterized by a chancre.

When does the lesion of primary syphilis appear?

The lesion of primary syphilis appears 2 to 6 weeks after infection.

How does the primary syphilis lesion begin?

The primary syphilis lesion begins as a papule that erodes.

How long does a chancre heal in primary syphilis?

A chancre heals in 2 to 4 weeks even if untreated.

Is a person with primary syphilis highly infectious?

Yes, a person with primary syphilis is highly infectious.

What is the most common extra-genital site of primary syphilis?

The lip is the most common extra-genital site of primary syphilis.

What are the next most common extra-genital sites of primary syphilis after the lip?

The tongue and tonsillar area are the next most common extra-genital sites after the lip.

What type of rash occurs in secondary syphilis?

Secondary syphilis causes a maculopapular rash.

Where does the rash of secondary syphilis occur?

The rash of secondary syphilis occurs on the skin and mucous membranes.

What are the oral lesions of secondary syphilis called?

The oral lesions of secondary syphilis are called mucous patches.

How do mucous patches of secondary syphilis appear?

Mucous patches appear as multiple, grayish-white, painless plaques.

Are lesions of secondary syphilis highly infectious?

Yes, lesions of secondary syphilis are highly infectious.

Can secondary syphilis have periods of latency?

Yes, secondary syphilis has periods of latency.

When does tertiary syphilis occur?

Tertiary syphilis occurs 3 or more years later.

What tissues are affected in tertiary syphilis?

Tertiary syphilis affects skin, bone, and viscera.

What central nervous system manifestation can occur in tertiary syphilis?

Tertiary syphilis can cause dementia involving the central nervous system.

What cardiovascular manifestation can occur in tertiary syphilis?

Tertiary syphilis can cause an aortic aneurysm involving the cardiovascular system.

What type of lesions occur in tertiary syphilis?

Granulomatous lesions occur in tertiary syphilis.

What is the common oral lesion of tertiary syphilis?

The common oral lesion of tertiary syphilis is a gumma.

What can a palatal gumma cause in tertiary syphilis?

A palatal gumma may cause a perforation.

What can congenital syphilis cause in facial appearance?

Congenital syphilis can cause facial malformations.

What is Hutchinson’s triad?

Hutchinson’s triad includes eighth nerve deafness, ocular interstitial keratitis, and malformed teeth.

What hearing finding is part of Hutchinson’s triad?

Eighth nerve deafness is part of Hutchinson’s triad.

What eye finding is part of Hutchinson’s triad?

Ocular interstitial keratitis is part of Hutchinson’s triad.

What malformed incisors are seen in congenital syphilis?

Hutchinson’s incisors are seen in congenital syphilis.

What malformed molars are seen in congenital syphilis?

Mulberry molars are seen in congenital syphilis.

What virus causes genital herpes?

Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus.

What virus type mainly infects the mouth region?

Herpes simplex virus type 1 mainly infects the mouth region.

What lesions are associated with herpes simplex virus type 1?

Herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with herpetic ulcers.

Which herpes simplex virus type causes genital lesions?

Herpes simplex virus type 2 causes genital lesions.

What are common symptoms of genital herpes?

Common symptoms of genital herpes include redness, swelling, itching, and blisters.

How long does it take for herpes blisters to crust over?

Herpes blisters crust over in about 3 weeks.

How long do recurrent herpes attacks usually last?

Future herpes attacks usually last about 5 days.

Does genital herpes recur over life?

Yes, genital herpes recurs over life.

How is genital herpes treated?

Genital herpes is treated with anti-viral drugs.

How many types of Human Papillomavirus are there according to the lecture?

There are more than 100 types of Human Papillomavirus.

Are most HPV infections symptomatic?

No, most HPV infections are asymptomatic.

How many HPV types are sexually transmitted?

About 30 or more HPV types are sexually transmitted.

What body sites can HPV infect?

HPV can infect the penis, vulva, vagina, cervix, or rectum.

What type of cells do all HPV strains infect?

All HPV strains infect squamous cells.

What are high-risk HPV strains?

High-risk HPV strains are strains that may lead to cancers, such as HPV types 16 and 18.

Can some HPV strains remain clinically undetectable?

Yes, some HPV strains remain clinically undetectable.

What is condyloma acuminatum?

Condyloma acuminatum is a venereal wart caused by HPV.

What is another name for condyloma acuminatum?

Another name for condyloma acuminatum is venereal wart.

What shape is condyloma acuminatum commonly described as?

Condyloma acuminatum is commonly described as cauliflower-shaped.

Which HPV types are associated with condyloma acuminatum in this lecture?

HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 are associated with condyloma acuminatum.

How does condyloma acuminatum appear clinically?

Condyloma acuminatum appears sessile, pink, well-demarcated, non-tender, and exophytic.

How does condyloma acuminatum compare in size to papilloma?

Condyloma acuminatum is larger than papilloma.

Is condyloma acuminatum usually solitary or multiple?

Condyloma acuminatum is usually multiple and clustered.

What is the average size of condyloma acuminatum?

The average size of condyloma acuminatum is 1.0 to 1.5 cm.

How is condyloma acuminatum treated?

Condyloma acuminatum is treated with conservative surgical excision.

Why should condyloma acuminatum be removed?

Condyloma acuminatum should be removed because it is contagious.

What are koilocytes?

Koilocytes are HPV-altered cells.

What histologic features characterize koilocytes?

Koilocytes have hyperchromatic nuclei and a clear perinuclear halo.

How common is fungal vaginitis in women?

Fungal vaginitis is a common infection and affects 75% of women.

What type of vaginal discharge occurs in fungal vaginitis?

Fungal vaginitis causes abnormal vaginal cottage-cheese-like discharge.

What symptom commonly accompanies fungal vaginitis?

Itching commonly accompanies fungal vaginitis.

Can fungal vaginitis be transmitted during sexual contact?

Yes, fungal vaginitis can be transmitted during sexual contact.

How can pregnancy contribute to fungal vaginitis?

Pregnancy is a cause of fungal vaginitis.

How can diabetes mellitus contribute to fungal vaginitis?

Diabetes mellitus is a cause of fungal vaginitis.

How can broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to fungal vaginitis?

Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is a cause of fungal vaginitis.

How can corticosteroid medications contribute to fungal vaginitis?

Use of corticosteroid medications is a cause of fungal vaginitis.

What is balanitis?

Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis.

What is urethritis?

Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra.

What is phimosis?

Phimosis is an abnormally tight foreskin.

What are hypospadias and epispadias?

Hypospadias and epispadias are malformations involving an abnormal opening of the urethra.

Where is the urethral opening located in hypospadias?

In hypospadias, the urethral opening is on the ventral surface of the penis.

Where is the urethral opening located in epispadias?

In epispadias, the urethral opening is on the dorsal surface of the penis.

Can hypospadias and epispadias be associated with other anomalies?

Yes, hypospadias and epispadias may be associated with other anomalies.

How do hypospadias and epispadias affect infection risk?

They may increase the incidence of infections.

How common are neoplasms of the penis?

Neoplasms of the penis are rare.

What is Bowen’s disease of the penis?

Bowen’s disease is carcinoma in situ of the penis.

What malignant penile tumor is listed in the lecture?

Squamous cell carcinoma is the malignant penile tumor listed in the lecture.

Which age group is most affected by penile squamous cell carcinoma?

Older men are most affected by penile squamous cell carcinoma.

What is the 5-year survival for penile squamous cell carcinoma?

The 5-year survival for penile squamous cell carcinoma is about 70%.

What is cryptorchidism?

Cryptorchidism is an undescended testis.

How common is cryptorchidism?

Cryptorchidism is fairly common.

What can happen if cryptorchidism is uncorrected?

If uncorrected, cryptorchidism can cause sterility.

How does cryptorchidism affect cancer risk?

Cryptorchidism increases the risk of testicular cancer.

What is orchitis?

Orchitis is inflammation of the testes.

How does orchitis commonly spread?

Orchitis often spreads from an infected penis.

How often are testes involved in mumps in adult males?

The testes are involved in 20% of adult males with mumps.

Can severe orchitis cause sterility?

Yes, severe orchitis can cause sterility.

What is autoimmune orchitis?

Autoimmune orchitis is inflammation of the testes due to autoimmune causes.

Is autoimmune orchitis usually unilateral or bilateral?

Autoimmune orchitis is usually unilateral.

What is torsion of the testes?

Torsion of the testes occurs when the spermatic cord gets twisted.

Which patients commonly experience testicular torsion?

Testicular torsion usually occurs in younger patients.

Why is testicular torsion considered an emergency?

Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency.

What percentage of male malignancies are testicular tumors?

Testicular tumors account for 1% of all malignancies in males.

What percentage of testicular tumors are germ cell tumors?

About 95% of testicular tumors are germ cell tumors.

What are risk factors for testicular tumors?

Risk factors for testicular tumors include cryptorchidism, chromosomal abnormalities, and testicular dysgenesis.

What are the three age peaks for testicular tumors?

The three age peaks for testicular tumors are less than 5 years, 20 to 50 years, and greater than 80 years.

What is seminoma?

Seminoma is the most common testicular tumor.

Is seminoma malignant or benign?

Seminoma is malignant.