Diversity of Life OAT

Taxonomy def

Taxonomy: The science of classifying organisms

• Uses a series of classifications that get increasingly more specific

• Classifications:

  • Domain

  • Kingdom

  • Phylum

  • Class

  • Order

  • Family

  • Genus

  • Species

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Over

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Thank you Dr. Minchella

Domains

• Def

• Name them

Broadest Classification of organisms

• Archaea

• Eubacteria

• Eukarya

Archaea

Single celled prokaryotes

Eubacteria

Single celled prokaryotes

Eukarya

Can be single or multicellular, contain membrane bound organelles.

Kingdoms

• Kingdoms: The second broadest classification of living organisms

• The six kingdoms:

  • Archaea

  • Eubacteria

  • Protista

  • Fungi

  • Plantae

  • Animalia

Kingdom Monera

• Outdated classification that grouped Archaea and Eubacteria together based on their lack of membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotes

• Characteristics (organelles)

• What can they be classified as

Organisms without membrane bound organelles

• Genetic material housed in the nucleoid region

• Prokaryotes are either Archaea or Eubacteria

Between Archaea and Eubacteria, which one is more related to Eukarya

Archaea is more related to Eukarya

Archaea vs Eukbacrteria

• Cells Walls

• Ribosomes

• DNA organization

• Flagella and Pili

• Reproduction

Prokaryotic Membranes

Made of steroids. Only eukaryotes process membranes.

Endospores

Non-reproductive, non-ubiquitous protective structure that can preserve genetic material during times of extreme stress.

IT IS LIKE A LITTLE PROTECTIVE COAT IT CAN HIDE INTO

Extremophiles

• Extremophiles: Organisms, often Archaea, which thrive in extreme environments where most other organisms would not survive

Environmental extremes:

• Extreme heat

• Extreme cold

• Salinity (salt)

• pH level

• Available water

Cells Wall Compostion

• What is it made of in bacteria?

Peptidoglycan: A large, mesh-like molecule whose scaffolding serves as the principle component of the bacterial cell wall

• Made of sugars and amino acids

• All bacteria have some degree of peptidoglycan in their cell wall; amount varies

Capsule

Capsule: A protective coating which encapsulated the cells wall.

• Acts as a virulence factor by preventing cell desiccation (drying out)

• All bacteria invariably possess capsules

Gram Staining

Staining method used to differentiate bacteria based on cell walls

Gram Positive Bacteria

• Thick peptidoglycan layer

• Stain dark purple

• No outer membrane

• Very minor periplasm

• No lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

• Secrete exotoxins

• Contain teichoic acids

Teichoic Acids

• Teichoic acids: Polysaccharide that connects the peptidoglycan layer to the plasma membrane

  • Provides rigidity and support

Exotoxins

A class of toxic proteins that are produced and released by both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Characteristics of gram positive bacteria

PPT

• Purple

• Peptidoglycan

• Teichoic Acid

Gram Negative Bacteria

• Thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell

• Stain Pink

• Periplasm between inner and outer membranes

• Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

• Secrete Exotoxins

• No teichoic acids.

Lipopolysaccharides

LPS:

Endotoxins released by gram-negative bacteria only

• Released when the bacteria is destroyed

Gram Negative Bacteria

Characteristics mnemonic: LONG

• Lipopolysaccharides

• Outer membrane

• Negative

• Gram

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes: Organisms without membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes: Organisms with membrane bound organelles.

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

• Cell diameter

• Cell Wall

• Steroids in membrane

• Chromosome location

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

• Introns and histones

• Plasmids

• Origin of replication

(plasmid is round DNA)

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

• Replication Speed

• Ribosome

• Transcription and Translation

• Post-transcriptional modification to RNA

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

• Cell cycle length

• Cilia

• Flagella

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

• Cellular respiration Location

Protista

• Def

• Three kinds

Protista: Kingdom of (mostly unicellular) eukaryotic organisms

• Three types of protists:

  • Fungus-like protists

  • Plant-like protists

  • Animal-like protists

Fungus - Like Protists

• Cell wall

• How do they move

• How do they feed?

• How do they reproduce?

• Lack a cell wall made of chitin which is a characteristic of fungi

• Can move via cilia or flagella

• Saprophytic: Feed on decaying organic materials

• Feed via phagocytosis

• Reproduce via asexual reproduction and sporulation

Saprophytic

Something that feeds on decaying organic material

Plant like protists

• Among the most important primary producers

• Algae encompasses a large variety of plant-like protists

• Have chloroplast and photosynthetic abilities

• Include diatoms and dinoflagellates

Animal Like Protists

• Other name for them

• How do they store food

• common examples

• How do they gain eneregy

• How do they move

Often parasitic pathogens.

• Known as protozoa

• Have food vacuoles

• Include amoeba and paramecium

• they are heterotrophic (gain energy from food)

• Move via flagella and cilia

Fungi

• What kind of organism are they (Domains)?

• Common examples

• How do they gain energy

• Genetically what are they in most of their life cycle

• What are cell walls made of?

• Eukaryotic

• Mushrooms, molds, yeasts

• Heterotrophic

• Saprophytic

• Life cycle is spent mainly in haploid

• Cell walls are made of chitin.

What are Hyphae

Long branching filaments of fungi

What are Mycelium

Fungal network interconnected by hyphae

Reproduction of Fungi

Can be sexual or asexual.

Asexual Reproduction of fungi

• Occurs during favorable conditions

• Budding: bud outgrowth forms on the organism, receives DNA, and then subsequently buds off.

  • Sporulation by mitosis: Reproductive spores form via mitosis

  • Create offspring identical to the parent.

Reproduction of fungi: Sexual

Fungi alternate between diploid and haploid

• Occurs during unfavorable conditions

• Produce genetically diverse daughter cells to increase liklehood of survival.

Lichens

Fungi

Symbiotic Autotrophs where a fungus is paired with either allgae or a cyanobacteria.

Fungus Role:

• Protects the algae/cyanobacteria and provides it with water and nutrients

Algae/Cyanobacteria:

• Photosynthesize to provide the fungi with food.

Animalia Characteristics

• Domain

• Genetic Cell state most of life

• How many cells?

• How do they get energy?

• Aerobic or Anaerobic?

• Eukaryotic

• Diploid

• Multicellular

• Heterotrophic

• Aerobic

PHYLUMS OF THE ANIMALIA (THIS IS A LOT)

• Poriferia

• Cnidaria

• Platyhelminthes

• Nematoda

• Rotifera

• Annelida

• Mollusca

• Arthropoda

• Echinodermata

• Chordata

Mneumonic

Privelleged Children Play Nicely, Respectfully, and Maturley. Arthur Ensures Cooperation.

Coelomates

Organisms possessing a fluid filled cavity called a coelom, where the mesoderm surrounds the coelom on all sides

Eucoelomates

Acocoelomates

Do not possess a coelom

Pseudocoelomates

The coelom is only partially surrounded

Acoelomate Phylum

No Coelum

• Platyhelminthes

Pseudocoelomate Phylum

Nematoda and Rotifera

Coelomate Phylum

Annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata, and chordata

(everything else)

Schizocoelomates

Coelom begins and splits within the mesoderm.

Holoblastic Cleavage

Cleavage throughout the entire embryo, evenly dividing it..

• Occurs in animals with little yolk.

Schizocoelomates

• Cleavage type

• Determinate or indeterminate

• Does the anus or mouth develop first

• Spiral Cleavage

• Determinate

• Protostomes: Mouth first, then anus

Spiral Cleavage

• Spiral Cleavage: Misaligned cells deviate from their axes, taking on a final spinal orientation

Determinate Cleavage

Blastomeres have a decided fate.

Protostomes

Organism where the mouth develops before the anus.

• Usually Schizocoelmates. (coelem begins and splits within the mesoderm)

Enterocoelomates

• Cleavage type

• Where does the coelom originate

Coelom begins as lateral out pockets of the archenteron

• Radial Cleavage: Cells align in a vertical axis.

Enterocoelomates

• How does the coelum begin

• What kind of cleavage does it have?

• Is it determinate or Indeterminate

• Does the anus or mouth develop first?

• Coelom begins as lateral out-pockets of the archenteron

• Radial Cleavage

• Deutrosome

• Indeterminant Cleavage

Deutrosome

Organisms where teh anus develops first, prior to the mouth

Indeterminate Cleavage

Blastomeres do not have a pre-set fate; resulting in cells that are totipotent.

Porifera

• Example animals

Simple, multicellular, porous sponges.

• The earliest animals

Neither protosomes nor deutrosomes

Poriferia Characteristics:

• Symmetry

• Tissue Organization

• Mobility

• Habitat

Assymetric: no line of symmetry can be derived.

Parazoan: No true tissue organization

• Cannot be classified by coelom type

• Sessile: a non-motile organism

• Aquatic habitat

Parazoan

No true tissue organization, these species cannot be classified by COELOM

Sessile

Non- Motile organism

• Unable to move

Cnidaria

• Example animals

Hydra, Jelllyfish, COrals

Cnidaria Characteristics

• Symmetry?

• Habitat

• Developmental Specialties?

Radial Body Symmetry: Symmetry around a central axis

Diploblastic: Two cellular layers present (Endoderm and Ectoderm)

Aquatic Habitats

• Nether Protostomes or Deuterostomes

Diploblastic

Only two cellular layers present (endoderm and ectoderm)

Radial Body Symmetry

Symmetry around a central axis.

Platyhelminthes

• Animal Examples

Tapeworms

Flatworms

Platyhelminthes Characteristics

• Symmetry?

• Special organizational Characteristics?

• Developmental Specialties?

• Coelum?

• Protostome or Deutrostome?

• Bilateral Body Symmetry (two symettrical halves)

• Cephalization: Concentration of nervous and sensory organs in the head

  • Associated with bilateral symmetry

• Tripoblastic: (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

  • Most primitive triploblast

• Aceolomate

  • an organism without a coelom

  • Protostome

Cephalization

Concentration of nervous and sensory organs in the head

• Associated with bilateral symmetry

Triploblastic

Triploblastic: (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

Nematoda

• Animal Examples

Roundworms

Nematoda Characteristics

• Symmetry?

• Components of the developing embryo?

• Coelum?

• Protostome or Deutrosome?

Bilateral

Triploblastic

Pseudocoelomates

Protstomes

Rotifera

• Animal eaxmples

Non-segmented aquatic zooplankton

• Rotifers

Rotifera Characteristics

• Symmetry?

• Components of the developing embryo?

• Coelum?

• Protostome or Deutrosome?

• Bilateral body symmetry

• Triploblastic

• Pseudocoelomates

• Protostomes

Annelida

• Animal Examples

Segmented Worms

• Earthworms and leeches

Annelida Characteristics:

• Symmetry?

• Components of the developing embryo?

• Coelum?

• Protostome or Deutrosome?

● Bilateral body symmetry

● Triploblastic

● Coelomates

● Protostomes

What phylum first developed body segmentation

Annelida

Annelida: How do they move blood in their body?

Closed Circulatory System:

Blood pumps through vessels via pressure from the heart

• Annelida system has multiple aortic arches as well as distinct arteries and veins

Mollusca

• Def

• Animal Examples

Soft Bodied organisms; some have hard shells

Snails, Squids, and Octopus

Mollusca Characteristics

• Symmetry?

• Components of the developing embryo?

• Coelum?

• Protostome or Deutrosome?

• Habitat?

● Mostly aquatic habitats

● Bilateral body symmetry

● Triploblastic

● Coelomates

● Protostomes

Arhropoda

Organisms with segmented bodies and jointed appendages

• The most diverse set of organisms within any animal phylum

Classes with Arthropoda

• 3 main ones

Crustacea

Aracchnida

Insecta

Class Crustacea

Lobsters, crayfish, crab, etc.

(part of arthropoda)

Class Arachnida

Spiders, scorpion, etc.

(part of arthropoda)

Class insecta

includes ants, grasshopers, etc.

Arhropoda Characteristics

• Symmetry?

• Components of the developing embryo?

• Coelum?

• Protostome or Deutrosome?

• Exoskeleton or Endo (and what is it made of)

• Does it have body segmentation?

• Does it have appendages?

● Bilateral body symmetry

● Triploblastic

● Coelomates

● Protostomes

● Exoskeleton of chitin

● Body segmentation

● Jointed appendages

Open Circulatory System

• What has it?

• How does it work?

Circulatory fluid does not stay within closed vasculature throughout the entire system

• Hemolymph replaces blood

• Hemolymph flows between: the heart with its connected vessels, an open cavity called the hemocoel, and body tissues

Echinodermata

The closest related phylum to chordates

• Include starfish and sea urchin

• Symmetry?

• Components of the developing embryo?

• Coelum?

• Protostome or Deutrosome?

● Radial body symmetry

● Triploblastic

● Coelomates

● Deuterostomes

Chordata

Chordata: Segmented bodied organisms

● Include vertebrate and invertebrate organisms

Chordata Characteristcs

• Symmetry?

• Components of the developing embryo?

• Coelom?

• Protostome or Deuterostome?

● Bilateral body symmetry

● Triploblastic

● Coelomate

● Deuterostome

Invertebrates

A type of chordate that has matching characteristics to other chordates except they lack vertebrae

• Early chordates such as lancelets and tunicates

Vertebrates

(subphylum Vertebrata): Chordates with observable vertebrae

• Extant vertebrates evolved from earlier chordates, acquiring novel characteristics over time

• Characteristics include jaws, bony skeletons, lungs, limbs, etc.

Vertebrate Evolutionary Track

• What species went on to form species today

• Early jawless fishes

• Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous, jawed fishes (sharks, etc.)

• Osteichthyes: bony fishes (catfish)

• Lobe-finned fish: bony fish whose fins bore the first resemblance to limbs (like the colecanth)

• Amphibians: the first tetrapods to develop proper limbs with digits

Fish Respiration

Fish possess gills for respiration rather than lungs

• Countercurrent exchange: Water flows over the gills in the opposite direction that blood flows through the vessels within the gills

• This generates a constant diffusion gradient, optimizing absorption as oxygen flow into the gills is favored

• Allows for efficient oxygen absorption by the gills from the surrounding water

Class Mammalia Characteristics

• Blood flow

• How is blood pumped

• How do we respire

• What are some unique mammalian characteristics.

● Mammalia: Class within subphylum Vertebrata, composed of organisms considered to be the most evolved vertebrates

• Mammalian characteristics common to other vertebrates

• Closed circulatory system (all vertebrates)

• Four-chambered heart (shared with birds and some reptiles

• Respire via lungs

• Unique Mammalian characteristics:

• Hair, mammary glands (milk), and diaphragms

Which animals have multiple aortic arches?

Annelida

What is the first phylum to get body segmentation?

Annelida (earthworms)