biology bacteria + such

methanogens are from what kingdom

archae

extreme halophiles are from what kingdom

archae

thermoacidophiles are from what kingdom

archae

where are methanogens found

lower intestines and water sewage plants

where are extreme halophiles found

dead sea, salt marshes

where are thermoacidophiles found

volcanic vents and deep ocean vents

which archae is completely anaerobic

methanogens

which archae loves salt

extreme halophiles

which archae loves heat and acid

thermoacidophiles

what did Anton van leewenhoek do

first to discover bacteria from pepper and teeth scrapings

what did leewenhoek say about bacteria in his findings

100 bacteria wouldn’t equal a grain of sand, there are 10000 in a single drop of water, and it can live and multiply with very little air

what is it called when bacteria can live and multiply with very little air ( not anaerobic)

animacules (wrong spelling but shh)

What did Robert Koch do for bacteria

he perfected methods for fixing and staining bacteria with dyes.

describe what happens when you fix a bacteria

you typically heat it to kill the bacteria and adhere it to the slide. this allows it to not wash away when you rinse the slide.

why do we use hydrogen peroxide on wounds

because it bubbles and kills the anaerobic bacteria

examples of bacterial infections

tetanus, gangrene, food poisoning, bubonic plague, strep

if a bacteria is round, it is a…

cocci

if a bacteria is rod shaped, it is a…

bacilli

if a bacteria is spirals, it is a…

spirilli

when the bacteria is in a filament, it is called…

strepto

when a bacteria is in a cluster, it is called…

staphylo

what ways do we characterize bacteria

shape, colony characteristics, RNA sequences, molecular comp, stains..

2 types of bacteria

eubacteria and archaebacteria

understand that kingdom archaebacteria is another way of just saying…

archae

what is the shape of streptococci

chained or filaments of circle bacteria

what is the shape of staphylobasilli

clustered rods

What is a gram stain?

It is a laboratory technique that helps to categorize and group bacteria.

What are the steps to proving a bacteria gram positive?

the purple stain is picked up, there is little fat in the cell wall, it does not pick up orange/pink

if you have gram positive bacteria, will the antibiotic be effective?

yes

if you want to prove something gram negative, how would you know

the purple would not be picked up, there would be a ton of fat in the cell wall, safranin would get through, and it would be orange or pink

will antibiotics be effective on gram negative bacteria

nope

what is safranin?

its an oil based substance that gets through gram-negative bacteria. this is what turns it orangey pink if its negative. it helps show us that the bacteria is indeed negative.

why was cyanobacteria super important to developing earth’s atmosphere?

it is photosynthetic! in early times, the earth was primarily filled with oxygen that the cyanobacteria produced, so it allowed aerobic respiration to develop.

are cyanobacteria eubacteria or archae

eubacteria

why is cyanobacteria different from most other eubacteria?

they are encased in a jelly like substance and often cling together in colonies

what does direct sampling show?

the shape of bacteria/type ( NOT GRAM STUFF) ( cocci, basilli, spirilli, etc)

what is a virus

biological particle composed of genetic material and a protein

what are characteristics of a virus

cant reproduce on their own, no organelles, can crystalize, not considered living things, and can have DNA or RNA

can a virus have DNA and RNA at the same time?

NAH

virulent virus

known to cause severity in disease

how many different viruses make up the common cold

200

explain a DNA virus

goes viral DNA → viral RNA →viral protein. viral protein makes more viruses

explain a RNA virus

DNA → viral RNA → viral protein

in a DNA virus, where does the virus directly go to first

DNA

in RNA virus where does the virus go directly to

RNA

what is the first viral RNA in the RNA retrovirus doing + significance

its what writes the DNA. If its viral, its gon make viral DNA + so on

RNA retrovirus

viral RNA → viral DNA → viral RNA → viral protein

Example of RNA retrovirus

HIV

Lysogenic Cycle

temperate cycle NOT disease causing. no sympy toms

lytic cycle

virulent + disease causing

phylum of paramecium

cilicophora

phylum of amoeba

sarcodina

phylum of euglena

euglenophyta

phylum volvox

chlorophyta

which thing we learned in the lab doesn’t have a kingdom of protista

volvox

peramecium movement

cilia and strokes

movement of amoeba

cytoplasmic steaming

euglena movement

can change shape as it swims

volvox

flagella beat together

where to find paramecium

marine + freshwater

find ameoba in

freshwater and saltwater

find euglena in

fresh water and digestive

find volvex in

slow moving water and puddles

how does paramecium get energy

feeds on bacteria and algae

ameoba gets energy by

consuming other protists (phagocytosis)

volvox gets energy from

photosynthesis

how is paramecium more complex than amoeba

it has a rigid outer layer called pellicle, 2 types of nuclei, and more complex reproduction.

diatoms

microscopic algae in nearly every body of water on earth. 1 cell. characterized by silica cell walls.

how are protizoa usually classified by

their locomotion/movement

does the classification of protozoa method reflect the evolutionaruy relationships among protozoa

no, because many protozoan groups individually adapted to be similar ( convergent evolution) and most dont have the same ancestor.