MIDDIE

OIL RIG

oxygen is lost, electrons are gained

electrons can be transferred, resulting in changes in system

mitochondria

where cell respiration happens, browning of fruit

involve OIL RIG

nonpolar covalent

no charge, hydrophobic (lipid), peptide bonds between amino acids

equal sharing

polar covalent

partial charges and hydrophilic

unequal sharing

amphipathic

polar + nonpolar regions together

ionic

charges, can be hydrophilic

can disassociate in H2O, NaCl

when dissociated interfere with H bonds of water, lowering freeing point

transfering electrons

phospholipid

cell membrane

interior is fats, hate water

polar heads, nonpolar tails

phosphate

polar

phosphorus and oxygen, loves water

Hydrogen Bond

attraction of electronegative atoms (O,N,F) to a positive hydrogen (H+)

give unique properties: cohesion, adhesion, less dense crystalline structure (fish), high specific heat

dotted line

less dense as ice

require lots of energy to break

H2O molecules

polar, like to bond/dissolve other polar molecules

cohesion

H bonds pull H2O molecules together> oxygen of one H2O

H bonds with hydrogen of another

surface tension

adhesion

polar molecule attached to another polar molecule

surface tension

inward pull of H2O molecules > appears as a film with resistance

capillary action

cohesion + adhesion, sticks to suibstance & liquid flows through narrow space without other forces

xylem

how plant xylem move H2O

transpiration (H+ Polar) & evaporation drives an upward pull

Specific Heat

amount of energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance by degree celcius

(4.184 joules/gram/degree C)

coastel areas modereately temped

makes H2O a great insulator

helps humans transfer heat and resist drastic changes

heat of vaporization

amt of energy that must be added to a liquid transform into gas

when H2O evaporates, energy takes up > cooling

thermoregulation

homeostasis via evaporative cooling (sweating)

Standard Deviation (SD)

measure of how dispersed data is in relation to mean

Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)

estimates how close a sample mean is to the true population mean

bars show variability

no significant difference between the variables

SEM bars overlap

statistical difference between variables

SEM bars do not overlap

95%

confidence interval for SEM

null hypothesis

nothing happens

chi square test

statistical test providing a method for testing the difference between two data sets

comparing experimental to expected outcomes

test null hypothesis

reject null hypothesis

chi square exceeds critical value

accept null hypothesis

chi square below/equal to critical value

degree of freedom

possible outcomes - 1

% change formula

(new-old)/old * 100

primary structure

linear amino acid chain

non functional

dehydration synthesis

form peptide bonds

denaturing

proteins unfold back to primary cause of temp, pH, o2 nonopitmial range

secondary

alpha helix or beta sheet

nonfunctional

tertiary

r groups

hydrophobic bonds: CH groups

disfulide bond: 2 sulfur, strong bond

quaternary

not all proteins have 4th order

mitochondria, chloroplast

endosymbiosis theory organelles

endosymbiosis evidence

1) double membrane

2) asexual binary fission

3) have their own DNA

endosymbiosis

theory: bacterium became engulfed by another host cell and became mitochondria and chloroplasts

definition: living togehter within one another

Na/K Pump

primary active transport, antiport

3 Na+ Out, 2 K+ In

carbohydrates

elements present: CHO

ratio: 1:2:1

suffix: ose

isomer

share the same formula but may have different structures

amino acid bonds

covalent peptide bonds

polar for nonpolar

bad folding > none or declined function of your function

3 hydrogen bonds

why is C-G stronger?

phosphodiester bonds

what links nucleotides covalently?

5’ to 3’

5 carbons to 3 carbons in DNA sugar

nucleotides link

purines

double ring

ex: A,G

pyrimidines

single ring

ex: U,T,C

DNA Nucleic acid

CHONP

DNA backbone

phosphates and sugar

RNA

single stranded, uracil, ribose

DNA

deoxyribose and thymine

Lipids

CHO

no ratio

hydrophobic

phospholipid

cell membrane

nonpolar tails, polar heads

amphipathic

saturated fatty acid

butter, solid at room temp

build up of fat in arteries because of neat linear structure

unsaturated fatty acid

liquid at room temp

carbon double bond, bending it

less H

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

at the optimal environment

when is an enzyme most active?

allosteric inhibition

non competitive inhibition

not on active site

changes shape of active site

cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration

competitive inhibition

inhibitor binds to active site

directly blocks the active site

overcome by increasing substrate concentration

Vmax

all active sites are filled with substrates

true

true or false: enzymes are never used up. they keep working

allosteric activation

coenzyme

changing its shape so it’s ready to receive the substrate molecule

nucleolus

within nucleus, chromosomes produce ribosomal RNA

nucleus

in cell

control cell, store DNA, has pores

ribosomes

build proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum

continuous with nucleus folded

where proteins are made

golgi body

UPS

modify proteins

add carbs

send on their way

cytoskeleton

gives physical structure

inside cell

microtubules + microfilaments

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

produce lipids

detoxify

next to ER

mitochondria

endosymbiotic theory

generate ATP/energy

vacuole

plant cells only

stores water

keeps cell properly inflated

cytosol/cytoplasm

concentration gradients

fluid in cell

lysosome

suicide sac

in cell, next to vesicle

digestive enzymes break down material

kill cell

centriole

centrosome in animals

sets up where organelles will be

initiate formation of spindle for division

increased surfae area = increased efficiency

why have folds in membranes?

facilitated diffusion

requires a carrier protein & gradient

ex: glucose

high to low

hypertonic

excess solutes outside & less H2O

cell shrivels/shrinks in this environment

hypotonic

excess water outside & less solutes

cells swell/lyse in this environment

isotonic

equal water , solutes in and out

signal transduction

series of reactions inside a cell once a ligand binds a receptor (can be extra or intra)

gap junction

membrane to membrane proteins in animal cells or plasmodesmata in plants

ligand receptor

lymph system

autocrine

cytokine released from leukocytes control behavior, growth, divison

ex: IL-2, IL 13u

glycolysis

location: cytoplasm

6C glucose make 2 3C pyruvate

net 2 ATP (use 2 ATP to make 4)

oxidized

lose electron

reduce

gains electron

reduced to NADH

glycolysis NAD+

hexokinase

adds phosphate

ethanol glycolysis

alcohol fermentation occurs in yeast

Byproducts: ethanol, CO2 (acid)

lactate glycolysis

fermentation in animals

byproducts: lactic acid

no CO2

anaerobic conditons

matrix

link reaction location

glycolysis products

yields 2 pyruvate (acid), 2 ATP, 2 NADH

pyruvate into 2C acetyl COA

2 NADH

also: ATP, Carbon Dioxide

link reaction yields

decarboxylation

carbon dioxide is lost

ex: link reaction

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

left with 4 carbons

krebs cycle products

krebs cycle

reduces NAD and FAD

2 pyruvates enter this as Acetyl COA

redox

reaction if something is oxidized, it is reduced

oxidative phosphorylation

ETC + Chemiosmosis

mitochondria membrane

etc & chemiosmosis location