Exam 2 HIST 1301

Did European nations believe the Americans could defeat the British as the Revolution began?

Most European nations doubted the American colonies could defeat Great Britain

Who were the Patriots (Whigs)

American colonists who opposed British rule and fought for independence during the American Revolutionary War

Who were the Loyalists (Tories)

American colonists who remained faithful to the British Crown during the American Revolution

Who were the neutrals

They aimed to avoid the conflict to protect their families, farms, and businesses

who were the hessians

approximately 30,000 German soldiers hired by the British government to fight against American rebels during the Revolutionary War

who were the Citizen-soldiers

ordinary citizens—farmers, tradesmen, and professionals—who voluntarily or through obligation leave their civilian professions to serve in the military during times of conflict or emergency

who was the continental army

the official unified armed force of the thirteen colonies, established by the Second Continental Congress on June 14, 1775, to fight for independence during the American Revolutionary War.

The Average Patriot soldier was often poor, a farmer or a

former indentured servant

Iroquois Confederacy was divided in its policies toward British and

Patriots

British troops included Hessians, Native Americans, African Americans and

American Loyalists

Loyalists fled to Canada and the American gov. seized their land and sold it. This profit went to help to fight the war. This was a sticker in the treaty of Paris and the American gov. was told to

Reimburse the Loyalists

By 1776 The war forced all americans to

choose a side

British and American recruitment of Native Americans

both British and American forces actively recruited Native American allies, though most nations sided with the British, viewing them as protection against colonial expansion

Thomas Paine wrote another pamphlet called American Crisis, what did this do?

got the American troops and colonists spirits back in the game (boosts morale)

Could state militia groups effectively win the American Revolution?

While they were effective in partisan warfare, holding territory, and supporting the Continental Army, their inexperience and short service terms meant they often broke under direct, sustained battles with professional British regulars.

battle of trenton significance

it saved the American Revolution from imminent collapse by boosting shattered patriot morale, proving the Continental Army could win against professional troops

Battle of Saratoga and an alliance with France significance

the turning point of the American Revolution, as the decisive American victory convinced France to officially enter the war against Britain. This victory led to the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, providing crucial military, financial, and naval support that turned a colonial revolt into a global conflict and helped secure American independence

Valley Forge significance

the vital turning point of the American Revolutionary War, where George Washington transformed a disorganized, starving Continental Army into a disciplined, cohesive fighting force

American Alliance with Spain

Spain was a critical, often overlooked ally during the American Revolution, providing essential military supplies, funds, and a southern front against Britain. As an undeclared ally and later part of the Treaty of Aranjuez (1779), Spain's actions weakened British power, facilitated the victory at Yorktown, and secured key territory

who was Bernardo de Gálvez

a Spanish governor of Louisiana who played a crucial role in the American Revolution by capturing British ports along the Gulf Coast and Mississippi River between 1779 and 1781

battle of yorktown significance

This victory broke the British government's resolve to continue the war, prompting negotiations for the Treaty of Paris (1783) and securing American independence

what is republican ideology

centers on principles of limited government, free-market capitalism, individual liberty, and traditional values. The Republican Party (GOP) advocates for lower taxes, reduced government spending, strong national defense, deregulation, and strong border enforcement

what is the Northwest Ordinance

First, the new territories would eventually become coequal states, as Jefferson had proposed. Second, slavery would be banned from the region north of the Ohio River

What was the first stage of the Northwest Ordinance

First, Congress would appoint a territorial governor and other officials to create a legal code and administer justice.

What was the second stage of the Northwest Ordinance

Second, when the population of adult males reached 5,000, they could elect a territorial legislature.

What was the third stage of the Northwest Ordinance

when a territory’s population reached 60,000 “free inhabitants,” the males could draft a constitution and apply to Congress for statehood.

What was Shays’s Rebellion

The storming of the Massachusetts federal arsenal in 1787 by Daniel Shays and 1,200 armed farmers seeking debt relief from the state legislature through the issuance of paper currency and lower taxes.

What was James Madison known for

Madison drafted the framework for the initial discussions at the Constitutional Convention. His proposals, called the Virginia Plan, started with a radical suggestion: that the delegates scrap their original instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation and instead create a new constitution.

what is Federalism

The concept of dividing governmental authority between the national government and the states.

what was the structure of the federal government under the Constitution

structured around three distinct, co-equal branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—designed with a system of checks and balances. This structure prevents any single entity from gaining too much power by dividing responsibilities

important details of the Three-fifths Compromise

a constitutional agreement counting three-fifths of a state’s enslaved population for representation in the House of Representatives and direct taxation

Who were the Federalists

led by Hamilton and Madison, favored a strong central government to ensure national stability.

Who were the Anti-Federalists

Patrick Henry and George Mason, feared tyranny and demanded a Bill of Rights to protect states and individual liberties

Who supported the Federalists

Merchants, city dwellers, property owners

Who supported the Anti-Federalists

Small farmers, rural residents, debtors

What advantages did the Federalists have

1. They drafted the constitution

2. Had been apart of the constitutional convention

3. They were more unified and organized

How many essays were in the Federalist Papers

85 essays

When were the federalist papers published

1787 and 1788

What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers

to urge people to want to ratify the constituion

what were the First national political parties in the U.S.

the first political parties were the federalists and the Jeffersonian republicans

what didn’t the federalists like about to constitution

it didn’t have a bill of rights

what is the bill of rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states.

when was the bill of rights ratified

1791

what was Jay’s treaty

it was a controversial treaty between Britain and the United States

what were the three important promises of Jay’s Treaty

1. the British would evacuate their forts along the northwest frontier by 1796

2. Reimburse Americans for the seizures of ships and cargo in 1793-1794

3. grant U.S. merchants a limited right to trade again with the island colonies of the British West Indies.

how did Washington feel about Jay’s treaty

he supported it even though it was controversial and brought the U.S. a gift of peace

what was the whisky rebellion

A violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on corn whiskey; the protest was put down by a federal army.

what started the whiskey rebellion

Alexander Hamilton’s 1791 tax on distilled spirits had ignited resistance among cash-poor farmers throughout the western frontier

what was the significance of the whiskey rebellion in history

it was the first major domestic challenge to the federal government

what was washington’s response to the whisky rebellion

13,000 militiamen began marching to western Pennsylvania. Washington donned his military uniform and rode on horseback to greet the soldiers.

what were the alien and sedation acts of 1798

Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of immigrants.

what was the uniqueness of the presidential election of 1800

it was the first peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties and resulted in a 73-73 tie between Burr and Jefferson

what is republican simplicity

A deliberate attitude of humility and frugality, as opposed to monarchical pomp and ceremony, adopted by Thomas Jefferson during his presidency.

what was Marbury vs. Madison

the Federalist chief justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall, declared a federal act unconstitutional for the first time.

what was the result of the Marbury vs. Madison ruling

the Court assumed the right of judicial review over acts of Congress and established the constitutional supremacy of the federal government over state government

what was the lousiana purchase

Napoléon decided to cut his losses by selling the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States and using the proceeds to finance his “inevitable” next war with Great Britain.

how did the Louisiana purchase impact the united states

1. It doubled the country overnight

2. Secured the Mississippi river for trade and new resources

3. Since France had no more land in America, it gave us more power

what was the Lewis and Clark expedition

a mission to the Pacific coast commissioned for the purposes of scientific and geographical exploration.

what was the embargo act of 1807

A law promoted by President Thomas Jefferson prohibiting American ships from leaving for foreign ports, in order to safeguard them from British and French attacks. This ban on American exports proved disastrous to the U.S. economy.