CPGET Nutrition Coaching - Minerals

Flashcards covering the essential macro and micro minerals including Iron, Iodine, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Fluorine, and Selenium, based on CPGET coaching lecture notes.

Microminerals (Trace minerals)

Minerals required by the body in low levels or trace amounts, such as $Fe$, $Zn$, $Co$, $I$, $Mn$, and $Se$.

Functional Iron

Iron found in active compounds like hemoglobin in $RBCs$ for transport and myoglobin in muscles for storage.

Non-Functional iron

Iron found in storage compounds such as Ferritin and Haemosidain.

Transferrin

The transport protein specifically responsible for moving iron through the body.

Myoglobin

An iron-containing pigment in muscles that stores oxygen and facilitates its release during muscle contraction.

Iron Absorption Site

Iron is primarily absorbed in the Duodenum and the upper jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract.

Heme Iron

A form of dietary iron found in animal-based foods that is absorbed efficiently by the body.

MPF Factor

A factor in Meat, Poultry, and Fish containing the amino acid cysteine which increases the efficiency of iron absorption.

RDA for Iron (Pregnant Woman)

The recommended dietary allowance is set at $27\,mg/d$.

Antinutrients (Iron)

Substances like Phytates (found in legumes/whole grains), Oxalates (found in spinach), and Polyphenols/Tannins (found in tea/coffee) that inhibit iron absorption.

Haemochromatosis

A genetic disorder associated with the failure to control iron absorption from the small intestine, leading to excess deposition in tissues.

Siderosis

A disorder caused by nutritional overload of iron (intake > $100\,mg/d$), often seen in people who drink cheap wines made in iron vessels.

Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia

The most common form of anemia characterized by small $RBCs$ with less pigment due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin formation.

Koilonychia

A symptom of iron deficiency where the fingernails become spoon-shaped.

Glossitis

A mouth change associated with iron deficiency featuring a red, inflamed tongue.

Double Fortified Salt

Common salt fortified with both Iodine and Iron (in the form of Ferrous Sulphate).

Thyroid Hormones

Hormones synthesized using iodine, specifically Triiodothyronine ($T_3$) and Thyroxine ($T_4$).

Thyroglobulin

The form in which iodine is stored in the thyroid gland after combining with Tyrosine.

Goitrogens

Substances that interfere with the absorption and metabolism of iodine; examples include Cassava, Groundnut, and cruciferous vegetables like Cabbage and Broccoli.

Cretenism (Neurological)

A condition in children resulting from iodine deficiency characterized by mental retardation and retarded growth.

Wolf Chaikoff Effect

An iodine-related disorder seen in newborns (Neonatal Chemical hypothyroidism) when a deficient pregnant woman is injected with an excess amount of iodine.

Fluorosis

A condition caused by the toxicity or excess accumulation of fluorine, manifesting as Skeletal Fluorosis (knock knees) or Dental Fluorosis (mottling/white patches).

Zinc Metalloenzymes

Enzymes that depend on zinc as a cofactor, including Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Carbonic Anhydrase, Alkaline Phosphate, and Superoxide dismutase.

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

A genetic disorder characterized by impaired zinc absorption, leading to severe deficiency symptoms.

Menke's Disease

A genetic disorder associated with copper deficiency, also known as Menkes Kinky Hair syndrome, featuring symptoms like anemia and hypopigmentation.

Wilson's Disease

A rare genetic disorder where the body cannot remove excess copper, leading to toxic build-up and the appearance of Kayser Fleischer rings (brownish-green rings around the eyes).

Calbindin

A carrier protein that mediates the active transport of Calcium, which requires energy.

Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps in lowering blood calcium levels when they are too high.

Osteoporosis

A degenerative disorder associated with aging and low calcium levels, resulting in a loss of bone density and mass (porous bones).

DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptometry)

A diagnostic tool used to measure Bone Mineral Density and analyze body composition.

Muscle Tetany

A symptom of Hypocalcemia where muscles become overly excitable, leading to spasms, tingling, and numbness.

RDA Ratio of $Ca$ to $P$

The recommended dietary allowance ratio for adults is $1:1$, while for infants it is $1:1.5$.

Hypophosphatemia

A condition characterized by abnormally low levels of Phosphorus in the blood.

Magnesium Enzymes

Enzymes for which Magnesium is essential, including Enolase, Pyruvate kinase, Pyrophosphatase, and $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ ATPase.

Selenium

A trace mineral with antioxidant properties found in sources like Brazil nuts, seafood, and sunflower seeds.