Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

CH.1

What is anatomy?

Study of body structures.

What is physiology?

Study of body functions.

What is gross anatomy?

Study of visible body structures

What is microscopic anatomy?

Study of structures requiring magnification.

What is histology?

Study of tissues.

What is cytology?

Study of cells.

What are the 6 levels of organization?

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

What are the 2 types of homeostatic regulation?

Autoregulation and extrinsic regulation.

What are the 2 feedback mechanisms?

Negative feedback and positive feedback.

What is negative feedback?

Counteracts a change.

What is positive feedback?

Enhances a change.

What is anatomical position?

Standing upright, palms forward, feet together.

What does anterior (ventral) mean?

Front of body.

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

Back of body.

What does superior mean?

Above

What does inferior mean?

Below.

What does medial mean?

Toward midline.

What does lateral mean?

Away from midline.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to attachment point.

What does distal mean?

Farther from attachment point.

What are the 3 body planes?

Sagittal, frontal, transverse.

What does sagittal plane divide?

Right and left

What does frontal plane divide?

Front and back.

What does transverse plane divide?

Top and bottom

Major organs of integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

Main function of integumentary system?

Protection and temperature regulation.

Major organs of skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow.

Main functions of skeletal system?

Support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation.

What do ligaments connect?

Bone to bone

Major organs of muscular system?

Skeletal muscles and tendons.

Main functions of muscular system?

Movement and heat production.

What do tendons connect?

Muscle to bone.

Major organs of nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs.

Main function of nervous system?

Rapid control and communication.

Major organs of endocrine system?

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads.

Main function of endocrine system?

Long-term regulation using hormones

Major organs of cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood, blood vessels.

Main function of cardiovascular system?

Transport substances throughout body.

Major organs of respiratory system?

Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli.

Main function of respiratory system?

Gas exchange

What are alveoli?

Sites of gas exchange in lungs.

Major organs of urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

Main function of urinary system?

Waste removal and water balance

Major organs of immune/lymphatic system?

Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels.

Main function of immune/lymphatic system?

Defense against disease

What separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Diaphragm

What are the 2 major body cavities?

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

What is the pleural cavity?

Surrounds lungs.

What is the pericardial cavity?

Surrounds heart.