Rad 111 Lecture Test 1 (Lec 1,2,3,4,5)

What are the three general classifications of healthcare organizations?

Accreditation organizations, certification organizations, and professional organizations.

What is accreditation?

A voluntary peer-review process used to ensure high-quality operations, services, and educational offerings.

What are the three major areas of healthcare accreditation?

Healthcare organizations, educational institutions, and services within healthcare systems.

What does JRCERT stand for?

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology.

What is the main responsibility of JRCERT?

To determine whether radiologic technology programs comply with professional educational standards.

When was JRCERT established?

1969.

Which programs may be accredited by JRCERT?

Radiography, radiation therapy, medical dosimetry, and magnetic resonance imaging programs.

What does JRCDMS accredit?

Diagnostic medical sonography education programs.

What does JRCNMT accredit?

Nuclear medicine technology education programs.

What is certification?

The demonstration of minimum professional knowledge and skills, usually through an examination.

Is professional certification usually voluntary?

Yes, but it is highly valued and may be required by employers or state laws.

Who is responsible for achieving and maintaining professional certification?

The individual healthcare professional.

What does ARRT stand for?

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.

When was ARRT founded?

1922.

What does ARRT do?

It certifies and registers qualified individuals in medical imaging, interventional procedures, and radiation therapy.

What does ARDMS stand for?

American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography.

What credentials does ARDMS award?

RDMS, RDCS, RVT, and RMSKS.

What does NMTCB stand for?

Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board.

What is the purpose of NMTCB?

To create and maintain certification examinations for nuclear medicine technologists.

What is licensure?

Permission granted by a state to practice a profession.

Do licensure requirements remain the same in every state?

No. State laws and requirements vary.

What is the role of the Ohio Department of Health in radiology?

It licenses professionals and inspects x-ray equipment in Ohio.

What is the purpose of a professional society?

To support the general welfare, education, research, advocacy, and professional development of its members.

What does ASRT stand for?

American Society of Radiologic Technologists.

What does OSRT stand for?

Ohio Society of Radiologic Technologists.

What does ACR stand for?

American College of Radiology.

What does RSNA stand for?

Radiological Society of North America.

What does ABR stand for?

American Board of Radiology.

What does AHRA stand for?

American Healthcare Radiology Administrators.

What does AIUM stand for?

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

What is radiation therapy?

The use of ionizing radiation to treat disease, especially cancer.

Why are cancer cells more sensitive to radiation than many normal cells?

Cancer cells generally divide and grow more rapidly.

What are the two major methods of delivering radiation therapy?

External beam radiation and internal placement of radioactive material.

Who calculates a radiation therapy treatment plan?

A medical physicist.

Who determines the number of radiation therapy treatments?

The radiation oncologist.

What is MRI?

A diagnostic imaging method that uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers.

Does MRI use ionizing radiation?

No.

Why is MRI especially useful?

It provides excellent soft-tissue imaging.

What are common MRI safety concerns?

Pacemakers, implants, oxygen tanks, metal equipment, piercings, and some foreign bodies.

How does ultrasound produce an image?

Sound waves enter the body, reflect from tissues, and return as echoes to form an image.

What does an ultrasound transducer do?

It converts electrical energy to acoustic energy and returning acoustic energy to electrical energy.

What is the function of the ultrasound pulser?

It controls the electrical signals sent to the transducer.

What is the function of the ultrasound receiver?

It processes returning echo signals to help produce the displayed image.

What does CT stand for?

Computed Tomography.

What type of images does CT produce?

Cross-sectional images or slices of the body.

Does CT use x-rays?

Yes.

What are major parts of a CT scanner?

A gantry, x-ray tube, detectors, computers, moving table, and sometimes a power injector.

What are common CT contrast materials?

Iodinated contrast, barium, Gastrografin, and Omnipaque.

What does NPO mean?

Nothing by mouth.

What is mammography?

The use of low-energy x-rays to examine the breast for screening or diagnosis.

What is the main goal of mammography?

Early detection of breast cancer, including masses and microcalcifications.

What is nuclear medicine mainly used to evaluate?

Organ function.

What is a radiopharmaceutical?

A radioactive substance combined with a pharmaceutical.

How may a radiopharmaceutical enter the body?

It may be injected, inhaled, or ingested.

What is a hospital mission statement?

A statement that defines the hospital’s purpose and guides its service to the community.

What is an organizational structure?

The levels of management and reporting relationships within an organization.

What is the purpose of a hospital chain of command?

To identify proper reporting relationships and promote efficient management.

What is the role of the hospital board of directors?

To govern the hospital, establish policies, oversee budgets, and ensure proper facilities, equipment, and staffing.

To whom is the hospital CEO accountable?

The hospital board of directors.

To whom are hospital departments accountable?

The CEO or president.

What does a department chief or supervisor do?

Manages a department, develops budgets, and requests major purchases.

What are informational services?

Departments that process, document, and manage information.

What are examples of informational services?

Admissions, billing, medical records, computer systems, health education, and human resources.

What are therapeutic services?

Departments that provide treatment to patients.

What are examples of therapeutic services?

Nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, pharmacy, dietary, and social services.

What are diagnostic services?

Departments that determine the causes of illness or injury.

What are examples of diagnostic services?

Medical imaging, medical laboratory, and emergency medicine.

What are support services?

Departments that support the operation of the entire hospital.

What are examples of support services?

Central supply, biomedical technology, housekeeping, and maintenance.

What is a resident physician?

A physician completing several years of specialized clinical training after medical school.

What is an intern?

A traditional term for a first-year resident.

What is a referring physician?

The physician who sends or refers the patient for care or an examination.

What is an attending physician?

A physician responsible for the patient’s care within a hospital or clinic.

What is a radiologist?

A physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment using medical imaging.

What is a technologist?

A person skilled in a practical art or healthcare technology.

What is a technician?

A person who performs procedures requiring attention to technical details.

What is a therapist?

A professional who provides treatments designed to improve body function.

Who typically leads the administrative side of a radiology department?

The administrative director of radiology.

Who oversees the quality of medical care in a radiology department?

The medical director of radiology.

What does RIS stand for?

Radiology Information System.

What does PACS stand for?

Picture Archiving and Communication System.

What is empathy?

Understanding another person’s feelings and needs without becoming emotionally overwhelmed.

Who discovered x-rays?

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.

On what date did Roentgen discover x-rays?

November 8, 1895.

What was the first well-known x-ray image?

Roentgen’s wife’s hand.

When did Roentgen receive the Nobel Prize in Physics?

1901.

What does ALARA stand for?

As Low as Reasonably Achievable.

What is ionizing radiation?

Radiation with enough energy to remove an electron from an atom.

Is ultrasound ionizing?

No.

Does ultrasound require a medium?

Yes.

What are the two main biological effects of ultrasound?

Thermal effects and cavitation.

What is cavitation?

The formation and activity or collapse of small gas bubbles in tissues or liquids.

What does the Mechanical Index indicate?

The likelihood of cavitation-related biological effects.

What is the SI unit of absorbed radiation dose?

Gray.

What is the SI unit of effective or equivalent dose?

Sievert.

What is the SI unit of radioactivity?

Becquerel.

What is air kerma?

The amount of radiation energy transferred to air.

What is the quality factor for x-rays, gamma rays, and beta particles?

1.

What is the quality factor for alpha particles?

20.

According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, which cells are most radiosensitive?

Young, rapidly dividing, highly metabolic, and poorly differentiated cells.