cognitive ch 13

anchoring and adjustment

making a quick estimate based on memory or on info provided in the problem then adjusting the estimate

availability heuristic

events that are more easily remembered are judged to be more probable than events that are less easily remembered

backfire effect

occurs when support for a particular viewpoint gets stronger when faced w/corrective facts opposing their perspective

base rate

relative proportion of different classes in a population, failure to consider base rates frequently leads to reasoning errors

belief bias

tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable or invalid if the conclusion is not

categorical syllogism

syllogism where the premise and conclusion describe the relationship btwn 2 categories using statements that begin with all, no, or some

conditional syllogism

syllogism w/two premises and a conclusion but the first premise is an “if, then” statement

confirmation bias

looking for info that conforms our hypothesis and ignoring those who differ

conjunction rule

probability of the conjunction of 2 events, which can’t be higher than the probability of the single constituents

decisions

making choices btwn alternatives

deductive reasoning

involves syllogisms in which a conclusion logically follows from premises

dual systems approach

2 mental systems that have different capabilities and serve various functions

expected emotion

emotion that a person predicts he or she will feel for a particular outcome of a decision

expected utility theory

ppl r rational and if they have all the relevant info they will make a decision that is most beneficial

falsification principle

reasoning principle that to test a rule, one must look for situations that would falsify the rule

framing effect

how decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated

heuristic

rule of thumb that provides a best-guess solution to a problem

illusory correlation

appears to exist btwn 2 events when there actually is no correlation or a very weak one

incidental emotions

emotions not directly caused by the act of having to make a decision

inductive reasoning

conclusion follows from considering evidence, probably true rather than def true

judgment

making a decision or drawing a conclusion

law of large numbers

larger the # of ppl randomly drawing from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population

mental model

specific situation as represented in a person’s mind

mental model approach

in deductive reasoning, goal is to determine whether syllogisms are valid by creating mental models of situations based on the premises of the syllogism

myside bias

type of confirmation bias where ppl generate and test hypotheses in a way that is biased toward their opinions and attitudes

neuroeconomics

approach to studying decision-making combining psych, neuroscience, and economics research

opt-in procedure

person must take an active step to avoid a course of action, choosing not to be an organ donor

opt-out procedure

person must take an active step to avoid a course of action

permission schema

if u satisfy A, u get to do B. explain the results of Wason four-card problem

premise

1st two sentences in a syllogism, third statement is a conclusion

reasoning

ppl start w/info and come to conclusions that go beyond the info

representativeness heuristic

probability that an event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B

risk aversion

tendency to make decisions that avoid risk

risk aversion strategy

governed by the idea of avoiding risk, used when a problem is stated in terms of gains

risk-taking strategy

governed by the idea of taking risks, used when a problem is stated in terms of losses

spurious correlation

is also called illusory correlation

status quo bias

tendency to do nothing when making a decision

stereotype

oversimplified generalization about a group/class of ppl that often focus on negative characteristics

syllogism

oversimplified generalization about a group or class of ppl that often focuses on negative characteristics

sunk cost

time, money, or other investment that stops you from quitting

ultimatum game

proposer is given a sum of money, offers a responder how this money is split btwn them, responder but choose to accept the offer or reject, used to study ppl’s decision-making strategies

validity

quality of a syllogism whose conclusion follows logically from its premises

wason four-card problem

conditional reasoning task, used to study the mechanisms determining the outcomes of conditional reasoning tasks

incubation is faciliated by

daydreaming and associated with higher DMN

weighing the strength of evidence for inductive reasoning

number of observations, quality of evidence, representativeness of observation

types of illusory correlations

superstitions and stereotypes

representativeness is influenced by

stereotypes, beliefs, insensitivity to sample size/base rate

sample size effects the

accuracy of an estimate but ppl sometimes don’t take account of that

3 aspects of confirmation bias

belief perseverance, attitude polarization, irrational primacy effect

motives for disinformation

propaganda, passion, politics, provocation, parody

types of disinformation

false, manipulated, contextual

click restraint

pause when a social media post triggers fear, anger, or vindication

lateral reading

look for better coverage on credible platforms

deductive reasoning is usually

based on law, rules, or principles

ppl are still good at problems that don’t

involve familiarity, cheating, or permission