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Developed countries

Wealthier nations with higher income/education/healthcare levels

Developing countries

Nations with lower average income and less industrialization

Individualistic cultures

Cultures that value independence and personal achievement

Collectivistic cultures

Cultures that value group harmony and family/community goals

Cross-sectional research

Research comparing different age groups at one point in time

Longitudinal research

Research following the same participants over a long period

Chromosomes

Structures containing genetic information made of DNA

Genes

Segments of DNA that influence traits

Genome

The complete set of genetic material in a person

Genotype

A person’s genetic makeup

Phenotype

Observable traits influenced by genes and environment

Germinal period

First 2 weeks after conception when implantation occurs

Embryonic period

Weeks 3-8 when organs and body structures form

Fetal period

Period from 9 weeks to birth involving growth and maturation

Trisomy 21

Genetic condition causing Down syndrome due to an extra chromosome 21

Teratogens

Harmful substances that can damage prenatal development

Labor

First stage of birth involving contractions and cervical dilation

Delivery

Stage of birth when the baby is born

Expulsion stage

Stage when placenta and umbilical cord are delivered

Peripartum depression

Depression occurring during or after pregnancy

Colicky baby

Infant who cries excessively for long periods without clear cause

SIDS

Sudden unexplained death of an infant during sleep

Piaget’s Theory

Theory describing stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget stage from birth-2 years where learning occurs through senses/actions

Object permanence

Understanding that objects still exist when out of sight

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson stage where infants learn trust if caregivers are reliable

Bowlby’s attachment theory

Theory emphasizing importance of early caregiver attachment

Vygotsky’s Theory

Theory emphasizing social interaction in cognitive development

Zone of proximal development

Difference between what a child can do alone vs. with help

Broca’s area

Brain region involved in speech production

Wernicke’s area

Brain region involved in language comprehension

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Erikson stage where toddlers develop independence

Ainsworth’s strange situation

Procedure used to study attachment styles in infants

Secure attachment

Attachment style with trust and comfort with caregiver

Avoidant attachment

Attachment style where child avoids caregiver

Ambivalent attachment

Attachment style with clinginess and fear of separation

Disorganized attachment

Attachment style with inconsistent/confused behavior

Preoperational stage

Piaget stage ages 2-7 involving symbolic thinking but limited logic

Conservation

Understanding quantity remains same despite appearance changes

Centration

Focusing on one aspect of a situation only

Reversibility

Understanding actions can be mentally reversed

Egocentrism

Difficulty seeing another person’s perspective

Theory of mind

Understanding others have different thoughts/feelings

False belief test

Test measuring theory of mind abilities

Emotional regulation

Ability to manage emotional responses

Frontal lobe development

Brain development improving decision-making and self-control

Authoritative parenting

Parenting style high in warmth and control

Authoritarian parenting

Strict parenting style with low warmth

Permissive parenting

Parenting style high in warmth but low in rules

Disengaged parenting

Parenting style low in warmth and control

Concrete operational stage

Piaget stage ages 7-11 involving logical thinking about concrete events

Multilingualism

Ability to speak multiple languages

Benefits of multilingualism

Better cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills

Self-concept

Understanding and perception of oneself

Puberty

Biological changes leading to sexual maturity

Primary sex characteristics

Reproductive organs developing during puberty

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical traits developing during puberty like body hair

Anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder involving extreme food restriction

Bulimia nervosa

Eating disorder involving bingeing and purging

Substance use in adolescence

Increased experimentation with drugs/alcohol during teen years

Depression

Mood disorder involving persistent sadness/loss of interest

Formal operational stage

Piaget stage involving abstract and hypothetical thinking

Imaginary audience

Belief that others are constantly watching/judging you

Personal fable

Belief that one’s experiences are unique and special

Kohlberg’s Theory

Theory of moral development through stages

Cliques

Small close-knit adolescent friend groups

Crowds

Larger reputation-based adolescent social groups

Emerging adulthood

Developmental stage from about ages 18-25

Five characteristics of emerging adulthood

Identity exploration

Reflective judgment

Ability to evaluate information critically

Identity formation

Developing a stable sense of self

Identity vs. role confusion

Erikson stage focused on developing identity

Identity achievement

Marcia status with commitment after exploration

Moratorium

Marcia status with exploration but no commitment

Foreclosure

Marcia status with commitment without exploration

Identity diffusion

Marcia status with neither exploration nor commitment

Cohabitation

Living together in a romantic relationship without marriage

Intimacy vs. isolation

Erikson stage focused on close relationships

Sternberg’s triangular theory

Theory stating love includes intimacy

Four Horsemen

Gottman’s predictors of divorce: criticism

David Buss research

Study of mate preferences across cultures

Fluid intelligence

Ability to solve new problems quickly

Crystallized intelligence

Knowledge gained from experience and education

Seattle longitudinal study

Study examining intelligence changes across adulthood

Expertise

Advanced skill/knowledge from extensive experience

Midlife crisis myth

Idea that most adults experience major crisis in middle age is exaggerated

Sandwich generation

Adults caring for children and aging parents simultaneously

Young-old

Adults ages about 65-74

Old-old

Adults ages about 75-84

Oldest-old

Adults ages 85+

Primary aging

Normal biological aging process

Secondary aging

Aging caused by disease/lifestyle factors

Sleep apnea

Disorder involving interrupted breathing during sleep

Dementia

Decline in cognitive functioning interfering with daily life

Alzheimer’s disease

Progressive brain disease causing memory loss

Ego integrity vs. despair

Erikson stage involving reflection on life in old age

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Older adults prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships

Hayflick limit

Limit on how many times cells can divide

Free radicals

Unstable molecules damaging cells

Antioxidants

Substances helping protect cells from damage