AP Biology: Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function

Ribosomes

Create amino acids, where translation happens, composed of rRNA and protein, nonmembrane bound organelle

Role of Ribosomes

syntehsize proteins according to mRNA sequences

Endomembrane System

Groups of membrane bound organelles and subcellular components: ER, Golgi Complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane

Function of Endomembrane System

work together to modify, package, and transport polysaccharides, lipids.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Provides mechanical support to maintain shape and intracellular transport

Rough ER

compartmentalization, protein synthesis, membrane-bound ribosomes

Smooth ER

detoxification of cells, lipid synthesis

Golgi Complex

membrane-bound structure with series of flattened membrane sacs. packages proteins for trafficking

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell, provides compartments for different metabolic reactions involved in aerobic cellular respiration (last 2 steps)

Cristae

Inner membrane of mitochondria, highly folded to help ATP to be synthesized more efficiently, location of oxidative phosphorylation

Lysosome

intracellular digestion and apoptosis

Vacuole

membrane bound sacs

Role of Vacuoles

maintain pressure, osmoregulation

chloroplast

specialized organelles that are found in plants and photosynthetic algae, location for photosynthesis

Plasma Membrane

has phospholipid bilayer, composed on phospholipids, membrane proteins, glycolipids, and steroids

Phospholipid

hydrophilic head (phosphate), hydrophobic tail (fatty acid)

Simple Diffusion

passive transport, down concentration gradient, small and non polar, no energy or protein needed

Cell Wall

barrier for substances and prevent, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and plants (animals have chitin)

Facilitated Diffusion

passive transport, no energy, down concentration gradient, small molecules, requires transport protein

hypotonic solution

hypo = under, low solute concentration, high free water concentration, high water potential.

Active Transport

requires energy input, against concentration

Isotonic

equal solute concentration

hypertonic solution

hyper = over, high solute concentration, low free water concentration, low water potential

hypotonic cell

low solute concentration, high free water concentration, loses water to hypertonic solution

hypertonic cell

high solute concentration, low free water concentration

aquaporins

transport large quantities of water across membranes