[PERSONAL] Exam 02 Study Guide

Kinesiology Exam 2 Study Guide

What is exercise physiology?

The study of the anatomical, physiological, and functional responses and adaptations that occur during and following physical activity and exercise.

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions.

What are acute responses?

Immediate changes in body systems during or after a single bout of exercise (e.g., increased heart rate, breathing, blood flow, and glucose use).

What are chronic adaptations?

Long-term changes in body systems that occur with repeated regular physical activity and exercise.

Intensity

How hard the exercise is (often relative to maximal effort or heart rate).

Duration

How long the exercise is performed.

Frequency

How often exercise is performed (usually days per week).

Overload

Systems must be challenged above normal levels to improve.

Specificity

Train the muscles and systems used in the activity.

Reversibility

Training effects are lost when training stops.

Warm up

Increase blood flow, temperature, range of motion, and prepare the body.

Factors that affect training response:

Gender, fitness level, genetics.

Exercise

Target the specific muscles and physiological systems to improve.

Cool down

Return pooled blood to circulation and gradually restore normal function.

What are the body's main energy substrates?

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Which substrate predominates during low-intensity exercise?

Fat

Which substrate predominates as exercise intensity approaches maximal effort?

Carbohydrate.

What is the crossover point?

The exercise intensity at which the body shifts from primarily fat to primarily carbohydrate use.

Why does carbohydrate use increase with higher intensity?

Greater recruitment of fast glycolytic muscle fibers and increased epinephrine, which stimulates glycogen breakdown.

What happens to fuel use during prolonged exercise?

Fat use gradually increases while carbohydrate use decreases.

Which hormones promote fat mobilization during prolonged exercise?

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucagon.

What inhibits fat mobilization?

High lactic acid levels and insulin.

How does improved cardiorespiratory fitness affect fuel use?

It allows greater fat utilization at higher exercise intensities.

Why isn't low-intensity exercise always best for fat loss?

Higher intensities may burn more total calories and potentially more total fat, even if the percentage from fat is lower.

What is maximal fat oxidation?

The highest observed rate of fat use during oxidative metabolism.

What is the risk during prolonged endurance exercise?

Depletion of muscle glycogen and low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), leading to fatigue and decreased performance.

What carbohydrate strategy is commonly recommended before endurance exercise?

Approximately 1–5 g carbohydrate per kg body mass, consumed 1–4 hours before exercise.

What carbohydrate concentration is commonly recommended during exercise?

About 6–8% carbohydrate solution (e.g., glucose, sucrose, or glucose polymers).

What hormone helps regulate blood glucose and facilitates glucose entry into cells?

Insulin

What glucose transporter is specific to skeletal muscle?

GLUT4

What stimulates increased GLUT4 in the muscle cell membrane?

Insulin, muscle contractions, increased blood flow, and increased glucose concentration.

Why is GLUT4 important during exercise?

It increases glucose uptake into working muscle cells to support energy production.

Harvard Fatigue Laboratory (1927)

Major turning point in establishing exercise physiology as a scientific discipline.

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Major professional organization promoting exercise and sports medicine research.

American Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP)

Founded in 1997 to promote exercise physiology as a healthcare profession.

HERITAGE Family Study

xamined genetic influences on exercise training adaptations.

Homeostasis = stable internal conditions.

Exercise disrupts homeostasis; the body responds to restore it.

Acute responses = immediate changes.

Examples: increased heart rate, ventilation, blood flow, glucose uptake.

Chronic adaptations = long-term changes.

Examples: lower resting heart rate, greater stroke volume, improved fat use, improved performance.

Training variables = intensity, duration, frequency.

These are manipulated to create overload.

Training principles = overload, specificity, reversibility.

These are the foundation of program design.

Fuel use shifts with intensity.

Low intensity = more fat; high intensity = more carbohydrate.

GLUT4 is the key muscle glucose transporter.

Stimulated by insulin and muscle contractions.