ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 10

Alkyl halide (organohalide)

Organic compound containing a carbon–halogen bond (R–X)

Primary (1°) alkyl halide

Carbon bonded to halogen is attached to only one other carbon

Secondary (2°) alkyl halide

Carbon bonded to halogen is attached to two other carbons

Tertiary (3°) alkyl halide

Carbon bonded to halogen is attached to three other carbons

Leaving group

Atom or group that departs with a pair of electrons in a reaction

Polar C–X bond

Bond where carbon is partially positive and halogen is partially negative

Radical halogenation

Reaction of alkanes with halogens under light to form alkyl halides via radicals

Initiation step

First step in radical reaction where radicals are formed

Propagation step

Steps where radicals react to form new radicals

Termination step

Step where radicals combine and reaction stops

Allylic position

Carbon adjacent to a double bond

Allylic bromination

Substitution at allylic position using radicals

Resonance stabilization

Delocalization of electrons that stabilizes intermediates like allyl radicals

Preparation from alcohols

Conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides using reagents like HX

Grignard reagent (R–MgX)

Organometallic compound used to form carbon–carbon bonds

Organometallic compound

Compound containing a carbon–metal bond

Coupling reaction

Reaction that joins two carbon groups together

Oxidation (organic)

Increase in bonds to oxygen or decrease in bonds to hydrogen

Reduction (organic)

Increase in bonds to hydrogen or decrease in bonds to oxygen

Electrophilic carbon in alkyl halides

Carbon bonded to halogen that is susceptible to nucleophilic attack

Reactivity of halogens

I > Br > Cl > F as leaving groups

Bond strength trend

C–F strongest and least reactive

Nucleophile

Electron-rich species that donates a pair of electrons