AP bio random exam important

struggling

smooth er

detoxification of cells, lipid synthesis

Ribosomes

synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequences

Rough ER

compartmentalization, protein synthesis, (membrane-bound ribosomes)

Mitochondria

Provides compartments for different metabolic reactions involved in aerobic cellular respiration

Chloroplast

location for photosynthesis

Golgi Complex

correctly folding and chemically modifying newly synthesized cellular products, packaging proteins for trafficking

Lysosome

Intracellular digestion, apoptosis

Central Vacuole

maintains turgor pressure with nutrient and water storage

contractile vacuole

maintains osmoregulation in some single-celled organisms

food vacuole

formed from phagocytosis and fuses with lysosome

simple diffusion

passive transport, no nrg. Only small, non polar can pass. No transport protein needed.

Active transport

requires input of NRG, against concentration gradient, requires transportation protein.

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport, no NRG. Requires transport protein.

Aquaporins

water channel, part of facilitated diffusion

Hypotonic

low solute, high free water

hypertonic

high solute, low free water

isotonic

equal solute, equal water, equal movement

Most desirable for plant

hypotonic

most desirable for mammal

isotonic

Hydrologic cycle

how water goes around, evaporation condensation precipitation etc.

carbon cycle

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

nitrogen cycle

organic compounds, nitrogen fixation

phosphorus cycle

involves weathering rocks releasing phosphate into soil and groundwater

helicase

unwinds DNA strand

DNA polymerase

synthesizes new strands, requires RNA primers to initiate synthesis, attaches to 3’ and builds in 5’ to 3’

Primase

synthesizes RNA primers

Ligase

joins DNA fragments on the lagging strand

Topoisomerase

relaxes the supercoil at the replication fork

gene expression

the process by which instructions in the DNA are transcribed and translated into a functional protein