Attachment

What is the critical period according to Lorenz?

4-25 hours

How many rhesus monkeys were there in Harlow’s study?

16

What are humans primary drives?

Sex hunger thirst

What is the name for a stimuli that satisfies our primary drives?

Primary reinforcers

What is the name for a person who provides primary reinforcers?

Secondary reinforcers

“The infant cries and the caregiver feeds the child”. What type of reinforcement reinforces the infant crying?

Positive reinforcement

“The infant cries and the caregiver feeds the child”. What type of reinforcement reinforces the caregiver feeding the child?

Negative reinforcement

What did Isabella suggest about Attachment?

the main factor impeding attachment is how sensitive the caregiver is to the baby’s needs

What is the critical period in a child?

0-2.5 years

What are the components of Bowlby’s monotropy theory of attachment?

Critical period Innate programming Internal working model Monotropy Proximity seeking Social releasers

Who claimed monotropy places a terrible burden of responsibility on mothers, pushing them to leave work and take all the blame for how the child ends up?

Erica Burman

How many stages were there in Ainsworth’s strange situation?

8

What are the 4 areas tested in strange situation?

Secure base behaviour Stranger anxiety Separation anxiety Reunion behaviour

What were the infants in the Strange situation?

12-18 months

How many kids showed secure attachment in the Strange situation?

66%

How many kids showed insecure-avoidant attachment in the Strange situation?

22%

How many kids showed insecure-resistant attachment in the Strange situation?

12%

How long was each stage in the strange situation (minus stage 1)?

3 min

Who found the inter-reliability rate for the Strange Situation and what was it?

Bick - as high as 94%

Who pointed out how Japanese mothers are rarely separated from their children so may present as IR?

Takahasi

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, how many studies were used in the meta analysis?

32

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, how many children were used in the studies total?

1990

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, what countries were used?

West Germany UK Netherlands Sweden Israel Japan China USA

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, how many studies were used from non western cultures?

5

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, which country was the most and least securely attached?

Most was UK least was China

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, which country was the most and least Insecure-avoidantly attached?

Most was West Germany least was Israel

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, which country was the most and least Insecure-resistantly attached?

Most was Japan least was UK

What would attachment be a result of if we saw similar attachment behaviours across the world?

Nature

What would attachment be a result of if there were large differences between attachment types from culture to culture?

Nurture

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, what was the most common attachment type between all cultures?

Secure attachment

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, what was the most dominant insecure attachment type in western countries?

Avoidant

In Van lyzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study of culture variations in attachment, what was the most dominant insecure attachment type in non western countries?

Resistant

What is the sensitivity period in a child?

Up to age 5

What is the law of accumulated separation?

Any separation from the mother, no matter how brief, contributes to overall negative effects

What are the irreversible long term effects of maternal deprivation?

Intellectual Emotional Social Affectionless psychopathy

How many total children were used in Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?

88 children referred to a child guidance clinic

How many of the thieves in Bowlby’s 44 thieves study were diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths?

16

What percentage of the diagnosed affectionless psychopaths had experienced early and prolonged separation from their mothers?

86%

In the control group, how many children were diagnosed with affectionless psychopathy?

0

In the control group in the 44 thieves study, what percentage of children had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers?

4%

Who claimed that the participants faced privation rather than deprivation in Bowlby’s 44 thieves?

Rutter

Who replicated Bowlby’s 44 thieves study?

Hilda Lewis

What was Hilda Lewis’s sample?

500 young people

What did Hilda Lewis conclude in her replica of Bowlby’s study?

prolonged separation from mother didn’t predict criminality or difficulty forming relationships

What did Bowlby’s study lead to IRL?

implementation of Mother and Baby Units in prisons

Who did the ERA study?

Rutter

How many romanian adoptees took part in the ERA study?

165

What age were the Romanian adoptees adopted by in the ERA study?

3 years 6 months

How many British adopted children who had not experienced deprivation took part in the ERA study?

52

What were the 2 conditions the Romanian adoptees were split into in the ERA study?

Early adoptees (less than 6 months institutionalised) and late adoptees (over 6 months)

What ages were the adoptees assessed at in the ERA study?

4 6 11 15 22 and beyond

RESULTS: What was the statistic describing Romanian adoptees weight and height upon arrival into the UK?

51% of adoptees weighed in the bottom 3% of the population and were also shorter however by age 4 these differences were no longer apparent

Who did the study about long term physical differences in Romanian adoptees?

Mackes

RESULTS: In terms of emotional development, what was shown in late adoptees?

Disinhibited attachment

RESULTS: At what age was Disinhibited attachment shown by the majority of Romanian adoptees?

6

RESULTS: At what age was Disinhibited attachment shown by 50% of Romanian adoptees?

11

RESULTS: What were the long term effects in terms of emotional development for Romanian adoptees?

Self-reported emotional difficulties

RESULTS: What was the IQ (measured at age 11) for those adopted early?

102

RESULTS: What was the IQ (measured at age 11) for those adopted between 6 months and 2 years?

86

RESULTS: What was the IQ (measured at age 11) for those adopted after 2 years?

77

RESULTS: What were some difficulties faced by late adoptees in terms of cognitive development?

Quasi-autism and ADHD like qualities

RESULTS: What were some long term effects faced by late adoptees in terms of cognitive development?

high unemployment rates

What is a key finding in the ERA study?

20% of adoptees faced no adverse effects

What sample did Macke use for his study on the long term effects of institutionalisation?

67/165 of the original Romanian orphans and 21/52 of the original British adoptees

What age range were the participants in Macke’s LTE of institutionalisation study?

23-28

How long after the start of the ERA study was Macke’s LTE of institutionalisation study?

over 20 years

How much smaller were the brains of the Romanian adoptees than the English adoptees?

8.6%

What percentage on average did brain size decrease by in Romanian adoptees for each month they were institutionalised?

0.27%

What has the ERA study led to IRL?

children less than 2 now have a 1:3 carer ratio, the “wait and see” approach is frowned upon, immediate placement is prioritised in those under 6 months old

What is the continuity hypothesis?

childhood attachment types are reflected in adult relationships

What is the prototype perspective?

the IWM is consistent over life and can predict future relationships

What is the revisionist perspective?

the IWM is revised and updated as a result of life experiences

Who provided supportive research for the role of IWM in childhood?

Belsky and Smith

Who found 3-5yr old S.A children formed easier and closer relationships due to their curiosity and trust?

Belsky

What did Smith do to investigate the role of the IWM in childhood?

used standard questionnaires on 196 children aged 7-11 from London

What did Smith find when investigating the role of the IWM in childhood?

Securely attached children are unlikely to be involved in bullying, Insecure- avoidant were victims with insecure resistant being bullies

How old were the therapy monkeys compared to the privated monkeys in the LTE of Harlow’s Rhesus monkey study?

Therapy monkeys were 3 months Privated monkeys were 6 months

What was the number of participants in the love quiz?

620

What was the gender split in the love quiz?

205 men 415 women

What were the ages of participants in the Love quiz?

14-82

What percentage of participants in the love quiz were heterosexual?

91%

What percentage of participants in the love quiz were married?

42%

How long was the average relationship according to the love quiz for S.A, I.A, and I.R?

SA was 10 years IA was 6 years IR was 5 years

Who found that recollections are likely to be biased as adults who currently have a positive IWM are more likely have a positive bias on attachment recollections?

Dykas and Cassidy

AO3 Animal studies of attachment

Generalisability - Human attachment (Bowlby monotropy and maternal deprivation and IWM) - Ethics (cost benefit analysis)

AO3 Learning theory of attachment

Harlow (chose comfort over food) - Reductionist (Stimuli- response, Isabella) - Overemphasis on nurture (innate programming)

AO3 Monotropic theory of attachment

Harlow (failure to mate) - Socially sensitive (Erica Burman, blaming regardless of substitute care) - Interactionalist approach

AO3 Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

Strong inter rater reliability (Bick) - Ecological validity - Takahasi (Culturally bound)

AO3 Culture variations in attachment

Strong inter rater reliability - Ethnocentric research (Takahasi) - Population validity

AO3 Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (44 thieves)

Privation not deprivation + correlational - Hilda Lewis - PRWB (mbu’s)

AO3 Effects of institutionalisation ERA

Natural experiment (extraneous variables, couldn’t randomly allocate adoption) - Revolutionary longitudinal study - PRWB (1:3 ratio)

AO3 The influence of early attachment on adult relationships

Relies on retrospective data - Biologically determinist - Correlational

AO3 The influence of early attachment on childhood relationships

Poor internal validity (Smiths data is self reported) - biologically determinist - correlational