Head & Neck VI: Pharynx and Face

boundary between nasopharynx and nasal cavity

choanae

what compartment of the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsil?

nasopharynx

enlarged pharyngeal tonsils

adenoids

main muscle of nasopharynx compartment + function

salpingopharyngeus muscle: elevates the pharynx during swallowing and opens the auditory tube

What is located anteriorly of the oropharynx? what is located posteriorly?

anteriorly: palatoglossal arch formed by palatoglossus muscle

posteriorly: palatopharyngeal arch formed by the palatopharyngeus muscle

what occupies the tonsillar fossa (recess between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch) in the oropharynx?

palatine tonsil

what does the laryngopharynx open into?

arytenoid and cricoid cartilages

piriform recess: function

guide food into the esophagus

what can be damaged around the piriform recesses?

superior and inferior laryngeal vessels & internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves

middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle: origin

hyoid bone

inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle: origin

thyroid and cricoid cartilages

palatopharyngeous muscle: innervation & actions

innervated by vagus nerve; elevates the pharynx and larynx for swallowing and speaking

salpingopharyngeus muscle: innervation & actions

innervated by vagus nerve; elevates the pharynx and larynx for swallowing and speaking (same as palatopharyngeus muscle)

stylopharyngeus muscle: innervation & actions

innervated by motor component of glossopharyngeal nerve; shortens and widens the pharynx during swallowing and speaking

above superior constrictor: structures

pharyngotympanic tube & levator veli palatini muscle

above middle constrictor: structures

stylopharyngeus muscle & glossopharyngeal muscle

above inferior constrictor: structures

internal laryngeal nerve

below inferior constrictor: structures

recurrent laryngeal nerve

motor innervation of pharynx

vagus nerve; but stylopharyngeus innverated by glossopharyngeal nerve

sensory innervation of pharynx

nasopharynx innervated by trigeminal (maxillary) nerve; oropharynx and hypopharynx innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve

muscles and structures used for voluntary swallowing

palatoglossus muscle, oropharygeal isthmus, oropharynx

what muscles and structures are used for involuntary swallowing?

tensor veli palatini muscle (tensing) & levator veli palatini muscle (raise) raise soft palate, separating nasopharynx from oropharynx. The superior, middle and inferior constrictor muscle also contribute and the cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxes.

orbicularis oculi: parts + functions

orbital part: forceful closure

palpebral part: gentle closure

orbicularis oris: function

mouth movements

zygomaticus major: functions

raises corners of mouth

levator anguli oris (above zygomaticus major): functions

assists zygomaticus major

depressor anguli oris: functions

pulls corners of the mouth down

buccinator: functions

maintains tightness of cheeks and presses them against the teeth during chewing

Bell’s Palsy: cause & symptoms

caused by damage to facial nerve (of temporal bone); causes weakness or paralysis of the muscles of facial expression on ipsilateral side

sensory innervation of supraorbital & supratrochlear nerves

trigeminal (ophthalmic) nerve

sensory innervation of infraorbital nerve

trigeminal (maxillary) nerve

sensory innervation of mental nerve

trigeminal (mandibular) nerve

what arises from parotid gland? what does the parotid gland pierce?

facial nerve; pierces buccinator muscle to empty into oral cavity

masseter muscle: innervation & actions

innervated by trigeminal (mandibular) nerve; elevates the mandible, allowing forceful closure of the mouth

temporalis muscle: innervation and actions

innervated by trigeminal (mandibular) nerve; elevates and retracts mandible

blood supply of face

branches of facial and superficial temporal branches of external carotid artery