2212 FINALS EXAMS

Switch question format to "answer with term"; sourced from Chelsea's notes (thank you Chelsea!!!!!) and Sir Nino's lecture and materials

Contentious politics

It refers to episodic, public, and collective making of claims that affect other people’s interests

Claim

It refers to a demand, position, request, or an assertion of interest

Episodic

A nature of contentious politics where it consists of different parts, both prior and after the actual climax, as well as transitions and escalations

Occurs in public

A nature of contentious politics where it requires to be accessible and open to everyone in public space

Interaction between makers of claim and others

A nature of contentious politics where it requires the engagement between the makers of claim and others

Government as mediator, target, and even claimants as well

A nature of contentious politics where it involves the state as well

Charles Tilly

He is the American sociologist and political scientist who defined contentious politics as "interactions in which actors make claims bearing on someone else's interest, in which governments appear either as targets, initiators of claims, or third parties”

• Episodic

• Occurs in public

• Interaction between makers of claim and others

• Government as mediator, target, and even claimants as well

The four natures and characteristics of contentious politics

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Politics becomes contentious when claims are made by a single person in a public space.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: All contentions involve the state as an object or receiving end of the claim.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: All claims have a counter claim.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: All political action is contentious.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: When the state is not a party to the conflict, it becomes a mediator.

Institutionalized politics

According to Heywood, it is a kind of politics that refers to the state and all official bureaucratic functions of the government

Non-institutionalized politics

According to Heywood, it is a kind of politics that involves political affairs outside the state, i.e., social groups, public sectors, civil society

Institutions

It constrains and enables contentious politics, producing different configurations of contention

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: In democracies, contention produces good output into the political system.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Contentious politics allows non-institutional political actors to engage with institutions of the government.

Free speech

It is the principle or right that allows political contention through individuals’ expressions

Political opportunity structures

These are features of regimes and institutions that facilitate or inhibit a political actors’ collective action and to changes in those features

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Participatory mechanisms reduce the tension in political contestations.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The more political stress, the more political dissatisfaction, the more volatile the conflict becomes.

• The multiplicity of independent centers of power within the regime;

• Its relative closure or openness to new actors;

• The instability or stability of current political alignments;

• The availability of influential allies or supporters;

• The extent to which the regime responses or facilitates collective claim making;

• Decisive changes in these properties

The six crucial features of political opportunity structures

Checks and balances

It is the principle that allows for the non-centrality of authority and multiplicity of independent centers to avoid authoritarian forms of regime

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: All institutions and branches of government function similarly across different administrations.

Contentious performances

These are relatively familiar and standardized ways in which one set of political actors makes collective claims on some other set of political actors

Modular performances

It is a generic form of contentious performance that can be adapted to a variety of local and social circumstances

Demonstration

It is the most common contentious performance; defined by Tilly and Tarrow (2006) as the “orderly passage through public space of an organized collectivity on behalf of some claim, identity, or program”

Political arena

According to Netelenbos, it refers to the whole political process and sandbox where political activity takes place

Political game

According to Netelenbos, it refers to the interaction of the claimant and the object of claim

Political theater

According to Netelenbos, it refers to the expressions and means by which the political actors represent themselves in the public

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Contentious performances can be done in a disordered and disorganized manner.

Contentious repertoires

It refers to the limited set of routines, tactics, and actions that individuals and groups use when making claims against authority or public decisions

Weak repertoires

These are repertoires that fails to advance a certain interest

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Demonstration is a performance, while negotiation is a repertoire.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Performance are more open and accessible to everyone, while repertoires are more specific to groups and individuals.

Social movements

It consists of a sustained challenge to power holders in the name of a population living under the jurisdiction of those power holders by means of public displays of that population’s worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Social movements are a constant action-oriented political activity that has relative continuity.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Social movements are also called political movements.

• Worthiness

• Unity

• Numbers

• Commitment

The four facets and values of public self-representation that social movements must depict and project to the public

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Social movements developed in the West in the 1700s.

• Campaigns

• Repertoires of association

• Public self-representation

Social movements emerged as a synthesis of these three elements

Campaigns

These are sustained, organized public efforts making collective claims on targeted authorities that extends beyond any single event

• Self-designated claimants

• Objects of claims

• The public

These are the three parties that campaigns seek to link

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Campaigns can be successful even without the support of the public.

Public support

This is where social movements and campaigns derive its legitimate authority from even though they are not institutionalized political acts

Associational repertoires

These are organizational routines that are produced by concrete and contingent aims of special-purpose associations

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Student organizations, councils, and publications are examples of where associational repertoires occur.

Worthiness

A facet of public self-representation that may be depicted through sober demeanor, neat clothing, presence of clergy, dignitaries, and mothers with children

Unity

A facet of public self-representation that may be depicted through matching badges, headbands, banners, or costumes, marching in ranks, singing and chanting

Numbers

A facet of public self-representation that may be depicted through headcounts, signatures on petitions, messages from constituents, filling streets

Commitment

A facet of public self-representation that may be depicted through braving bad weather, visible participation by the old & handicapped, resistance to repression, ostentatious sacrifice, subscription and/or benefaction

Among activists of the movement

In social movement identity building, they are the source of collective affirmation through the interaction between members of the commitment

Sympathizers

In social movement identity building, they are turned into the participants of the movement

Third parties

In social movement identity building, they are turned into sympathizers of the movement

Opponents

In social movement identity building, they are sought to be neutralized

Political process

It was the tradition in the 1960s to 1980s that viewed contention within the mechanisms of engagement with structures

Cultural turn

It was a shift in the 1990s in contention which criticized the instrumental bias of political process tradition and reinserted factors of discourse, identity, framing, emotion, etc.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: In the political process tradition of the 1960s, these involved more legalistic approaches such as lobbying, petitions, and viewed social structures as merely natural imbalances.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The cultural turn of the 1990s shifted the view beyond political frames and introduced the roles of identity, power relations, and the household.

Mechanisms

These are delimited events that change relations among specified sets of elements in identical or closely similar ways over a variety of situations

Dispositional mechanism

A kind of mechanism that operate at the individual level–as in the well-known “self-fulfilling prophecy”

Environmental mechanism

A kind of mechanism that operate at the level of externally generated shifts between the structure or processes of concern and surrounding structures and processes like resource depletion

Relational mechanism

A kind of mechanism that alter conditions between groups and interpersonal relationships

Mobilization

It is a social movement process that refers to the act of engaging with members/non-members into acting in unison and deals with interacting mechanisms, both from environmental and personal level

Political identity formation

It refers to the changes in the awareness within the persons involved as well as within other parties to those identities that they constitute an identity, as well as alterations in connections among the affected persons and groups

Coalition formation

It is the process where weak social and political actors combine in collaborative, means-oriented arrangements and pool resources in order to face powerful, entrenched opponents

Polarization

It refers to the widening of political and social space between claimants in a contentious episode and the gravitation of previously uncommitted or moderate actors towards one, the other, or both extremes

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Contention greatly decreases with democratization.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Social movements thrive in democracies because they benefit from the rights to associate, to assemble, and to speak that expand with democratization.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Contention can significantly decrease the frequency and intensity of collective violence in public politics.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: According to Netelenbos, the means in which the political system is able to address the political stress is the ability to maintain stability in democracy.

Collective violence

It refers to physical damage on persons and/or objects – includes forcible seizure or pressure of persons or objects over restraint or resistance

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Concepts such as feudalism are articulated through specific experiences aggregated together, e.g., land loss and lack of support to farmers.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Collective violence involves at least two perpretrators of damage.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Collective violence can be unplanned and uncoordinated action that results in a damaging act.

• Idea people

• Behavior people

• Relation people

Observers of human violence divide into these three camps

Idea people

This category of how human violence is articulated views consciousness as the basis of human action where ideas are acquired from environments and acts according to these ideas

Behavior people

This category of how human violence is articulated focuses on motives, impulses, and opportunities where all collective phenomena sum up nothing but individual impacts of particular genes

Relation people

This category of how human violence is articulated sees transactions among people as central where personalities as practice are developed through interchanges with other humans

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Idea people suggest that ideas about others’ worth affect how likely we would be violent toward them.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: According to idea people, we must eliminate destructive and violent ideas to prevent violence.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Relation people have a very reductionist position where people are reduced of their capacity or agency to think.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Behavior people see evolution as the origin of aggression.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Liberalists have a relational view of collective violence as a product and promoted class interests, while Marxists view ideas and behaviors are primary to collective violence.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: All political actions are necessarily guided by an ideological system of belief, so are the social scientists who advocate them.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Conflict is one of the least researched topics in Social Science.

Symbolic violence

It refers to the the image of opposition among groups in society

• To transform, modify, or manipulate any part of “pure” nature or nature that has already been extensively modified

• Sharing and transmission of meaning

The two ends of knowledge in social sciences

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: In social sciences, the social scientists are related to their object of study.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: One of the consequences of capitalist globalization is that the South became more dependent on the Global North and are no longer in control of their resources.

Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI)

It is a model or instrument that assesses an individual’s behavior in conflict situations in which the concerns of two people appear to be incomparable

Assertiveness

In conflict situations, it refers to the extent to which the individual attempts to satisfy his or her own concerns

Cooperativeness

In conflict situations, it refers to the extent to which the individual attempts to satisfy the other person’s concerns

• Competing

• Collaborating

• Compromising

• Avoiding

• Accommodating

The five conflict-handling modes or styles according to the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI)

Competing

A conflict-handling mode that involves high assertiveness and low cooperativeness where individuals prioritize their own goals over others

Collaborating

A conflict-handling mode that involves both high assertiveness and high cooperativeness, typical when goals are aligned and working together closely can achieve optimal results

Compromising

A conflict-handling mode that involves moderate assertiveness and cooperativeness, aiming to find middle ground that partially satisfies everyone’s needs

Avoiding

A conflict-handling mode that involves both low assertiveness and low cooperativeness as individuals seek to evade conflict rather than confront it