o-chem

alkyl halides

halogen groups in place of hydrogen

• halogens have strong electronegativity, so strong attraction —> strong bonds

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)

man-made chemicals of C,Cl,F

• stable, non flammable gases

• destroy the ozone layer

are CFCs reactive?

no, the bonds are strong, making them unreactive

why are CFCs harmful?

they destroy the ozone layer. they’re very stable so they stay in the atmosphere for a long time and slowly rise into the stratosphere, where uv radiation breaks CCl bonds and release chlorine atoms. one chlorine atoms can destroy many ozone molecules, thinning the layer.

halon

fire extinguishing agent and non conductive, no residue

are halons harmful?

yes, it contains bromine, when halons reach the upper atmosphere, uv radiation breaks CCr bonds, which releases bromine atoms. this is worse than chlorine.

ptfe (teflon)

commonly used as a non stick coating on cookware, like frying pans and baking trays

• heat resistant

• non reactive

• friction low surface

why does fluorine give this polymer ptfe its property?

its non stick, and heat resistant properties because of its strong bonds to carbon and the shielding effect of its large electronegative atoms

alkenes

hydrocarbon compounds that have a double bond

• unsaturated hydrocarbon

functional groups

groups attached to hydrocarbon backbone, provides physical/chemical properties

alcohol

• hydroxyl group

• polar group; large electronegativity difference

• ANOL

ethers

• oxy group

• _oxy_

aldehydes

• carbonyl group at the end of carbon chain

• polar but electronegativity not as much

• found in hydroxyl

• ANAL

• double bond O, single bond H

ketones

• carbonyl group between two carbon groups

• slight polar, nonpolar with larger R groups

• sp² trigonal planar

• ANONE

• double bond O

acetone (ketone)

found in nail polish remover, paint thinners, some cleaning products

mirror image molecules

ex. carvone, jasmone, camphor are chiral molecule, they are enantiomers of one another

rectus

right/clockwise

sinister

left/counter clockwise

amines (organic base)

• organic basees from ammonia

• can have different amines

• have fishy ammonia like smell

• nucleophile

• basic, bitter tasting

nucleophile

attack something that’s h+ positive

carboxylic acid

• organic acid

• contains the carboxyl functional group

• releases the h+ attached to O

• double bond O, single bond OH

• ANOIC ACID

esters

• result of the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid

• ending of an ester: ANOATE (the part of the molecule that came from the acid)

• most esters have distinct aromas and flavors that are sweet, fruit, pleasant

amides

• organic compounds where carboxyl group has an amino group

• produced from reaction of carboxylic acid and amines

• peptide bond

peptide bond

• bond between the C=O and N forms a partial double bc the nitrogen pushes lone pair to form partial bond with carbon

r (+) limonene scent

smells like orange and lemon

s (-) limonene scent

smells like pine, turpentine, mint

ibuprofen advil

synthesis comes from a mixture of R and S version of the molecule. only the R works as a pain reliever and analgesic

thalidomide

drug given to pregnant women in the 60’s to relieve the symptoms of morning sickness

• s-thalomide = teratogenic

• r-thalidomide = sleep inducing