photosynthesis numbers

glycolysis

location :

process :

products :

• cytosol

• 1 glucose → 2 pyruvate

• 2 ATP net

• 2 NADH

pyruvate oxidation

location :

process :

products :

• matrix

• 2 pyruvate → 2 acetyl-CoA

• 2 CO₂ (1 per pyruvate)

• 2 NADH (1 per pyruvate)

• 0 ATP

krebs cycle

location :

products :

how many turns per glucose

• matrix

• 2 turns per glucose

• 6 NADH

• 2 FADH₂

• 2 ATP

• 4 CO₂

electron transport chain

location :

final electron acceptor :

what drops off electrons :

• NADH + FADH₂ → H⁺ gradient → ATP synthase

• O₂ = final electron acceptor → H₂O

• produces ~26–28 ATP

in the etc, what is direction of hydrogens

from matrix into intermembrane space

How many total 3-carbon molecules form after 3 CO₂ enter?

6 3-PGA molecules

How many net G3P are produced per 3 CO₂?

1 G3P

How many CO₂ are needed to make 1 glucose?

6 CO₂

ATP used per 3 CO₂ (1 net G3P)?

9 ATP

NADPH used per 3 CO₂ (1 net G3P)?

6 NADPH

(bc for each co2, a 6 carbon molecule made. turns into 2 three carbon molecules. each 3C molecule takes a nadph to become g3p. so each carbon needs 2 nadph)

ATP used per glucose?

18 ATP

NADPH used per glucose in the calvin cycle?

12 NADPH

What is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle?

RuBP

The Calvin cycle happens in the _______ of the chloroplast and uses ____ and _______ from the light reactions to build sugar from CO₂.

For every 3 CO₂ molecules that enter the cycle, they combine with 3 RuBP (5-carbon molecules) to make 3 unstable 6 carbon molecules.. The unstable 6-carbon intermediate immediately splits into 6 molecules of 3-PGA.

These 6 molecules are then phosphorylated and reduced using 6 ATP and 6 NADPH, producing 6 G3P molecules.

However, only 1 G3P is the net output, which can later contribute to glucose formation. The other 5 G3P are used to regenerate 3 RuBP, which requires 3 ATP.

how many atp and nadph are needed per 1 co2?

• 3 ATP

• 2 NADPH

What happens in decoupling oxidative phosphorylation and how is heat produced?

Protons (H⁺) are still pumped into the intermembrane space by the ETC, but instead of flowing through ATP synthase, they leak back into the mitochondrial matrix through uncoupling proteins. Because the proton gradient is not used to make ATP, its energy is released as heat. (it goes from high potential energy to low potential energy. random molecular motion (thermal energy = heat))