EU law MODULE 1
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156 Terms
What is the European Union (EU)?
The EU is a political and economic union of 27 member states in Europe.
How many member states does the EU have in 2026?
27 member states.
Name the EU member states in 2026.
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden.
Which countries mentioned are not part of the EU?
Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, United Kingdom.
How many official languages does the EU recognise?
24 official languages.
How many language combinations are recognised in the EU?
552 language combinations.
What language rights do members of the European Parliament have?
They may speak in the official language of their choice with interpretation into all official languages.
Name some official EU languages.
Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish.
What years did World War II take place?
1939–1945.
When was the Council of Europe created?
1949.
What was the Schuman Declaration?
A proposal for European cooperation and control of coal and steel industries.
When was the Schuman Declaration made?
1950.
What treaty created the ECSC?
The Treaty of Paris.
When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
18 April 1951.
What did the Treaty of Paris create?
The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
When did the Treaty of Paris enter into force?
23 July 1952.
Which countries were founding members of the ECSC?
France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg.
Why was the ECSC created?
To avoid another war between France and Germany through shared coal and steel production.
What was the result of the ECSC?
Introduction of supranational cooperation and common institutions.
When did the ECSC expire?
2002.
What treaties were signed on 25 March 1957?
The Treaties of Rome.
What organisations were created by the Treaties of Rome?
The European Economic Community (EEC) and Euratom.
When did the Treaties of Rome enter into force?
1 January 1958.
What was the aim of the EEC?
To create economic integration and a common market.
What was Euratom?
The European Atomic Energy Community.
What was the purpose of Euratom?
Peaceful cooperation in nuclear energy.
What was the result of Euratom?
Cooperation on nuclear research, energy development and energy security.
What was the result of the EEC?
The creation of the common market and basis of today’s EU internal market.
What is the customs union?
A system abolishing customs between member states and introducing a common customs tariff.
What did the customs union help create?
Free trade, economic integration and a common market.
What treaty merged the European Communities institutions?
The Merger Treaty / Brussels Treaty.
When was the Merger Treaty signed?
8 April 1965.
When did the Merger Treaty enter into force?
1 July 1967.
What was the result of the Merger Treaty?
Merged institutions and created one Commission and one Council.
What institutions were merged in the Merger Treaty?
The ECSC, EEC and Euratom institutions.
When was the Customs Union completed?
1968.
What did the Luxembourg Treaty introduce?
The Communities’ own resources.
When was the Luxembourg Treaty signed?
22 April 1970.
When did the Luxembourg Treaty enter into force?
1 January 1971.
Why was the Luxembourg Treaty important?
It enhanced financial independence from governments.
What are examples of the EU’s own resources?
Customs duties, agricultural levies and later VAT-based contributions.
What happened during the first enlargement round?
UK, Denmark and Ireland joined the Communities.
When did the first enlargement round happen?
1973.
Why did Norway not join in 1973?
A referendum rejected membership.
Why was the UK difficult to integrate into the Communities?
Strong Commonwealth ties and different economic interests.
Why was Greenland unhappy in the EC?
Loss of control over fishing and natural resources.
When did Greenland leave the European Communities?
1985.
What treaty allowed Greenland to leave?
The Greenland Treaty.
When was the Greenland Treaty signed?
13 March 1984.
When did the Greenland Treaty enter into force?
1 February 1985.
What was the result of the Greenland Treaty?
Greenland withdrew from the EC.
What major EU development happened in 1979?
Direct elections to the European Parliament.
How were MEPs chosen before 1979?
Appointed by national parliaments.
What did the 1979 elections increase?
The democratic legitimacy of the European Parliament.
How are seats in the European Parliament allocated?
According to population.
How do MEPs sit in Parliament?
By political ideology, not nationality.
What was the European Monetary System?
A system to stabilise exchange rates and monetary cooperation.
When was the European Monetary System launched?
1979.
Which country joined the EC in 1981?
Greece.
What happened in Spain and Portugal in the 1970s?
Democratic transitions after dictatorships.
Which countries joined the EC in 1986?
Spain and Portugal.
What agreement aimed to remove internal border controls?
The Schengen Agreement.
When was the Schengen Agreement signed?
14 June 1985.
When was the Schengen Convention signed?
1990.
When was Schengen implemented?
1995.
What was the aim of Schengen?
To remove internal borders in Europe.
What was the result of Schengen?
Harmonised border controls, police cooperation and visa policy.
Which countries were founding members of Schengen?
Most EU members except UK and Ireland at first.
What is the European Economic Area (EEA)?
An agreement extending the EU internal market to certain non-EU countries.
When was the EEA created?
1992.
Which countries joined the EEA?
Austria, Finland, Sweden, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
Which country stayed outside the EEA?
Switzerland.
Which countries joined the EU in 1995?
Austria, Finland and Sweden.
Why did Norway not join the EU in 1995?
A referendum rejected membership again.
What treaty created the European Union?
The Maastricht Treaty / Treaty on European Union.
When was the Maastricht Treaty signed?
7 February 1992.
When did the Maastricht Treaty enter into force?
1993.
What did the Maastricht Treaty establish?
The European Union.
What was Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)?
A plan for a common currency and coordinated economic policy.
What currency resulted from EMU?
The euro.
What policies did EMU coordinate?
Economic and fiscal policies.
What were the three pillars of the EU under Maastricht?
European Communities, Common Foreign and Security Policy, and Justice & Home Affairs.
Which pillar was supranational?
The European Communities pillar.
What areas did the first pillar focus on?
Economy, trade, agriculture and the internal market.
What did the Common Foreign and Security Policy pillar cover?
Foreign policy, diplomacy, security and defence issues.
What did the Justice and Home Affairs pillar cover?
Crime, asylum, police cooperation and border issues.
What EU citizenship rights were introduced?
Free movement, voting rights and diplomatic protection.
What principle was emphasised in Maastricht?
The principle of subsidiarity.
What does subsidiarity mean?
The EU should only act when objectives cannot be sufficiently achieved by member states.
What treaty strengthened the EU institutions before enlargement?
The Treaty of Nice.
When was the Treaty of Nice signed?
26 February 2001.
When did the Treaty of Nice enter into force?
1 February 2003.
Why was the Treaty of Nice needed?
Preparation for Eastern enlargement.
What did the Treaty of Nice reform?
Voting system, Commission structure and Parliament seats.
What was the physical euro?
Euro notes and coins introduced into circulation.
When were euro notes and coins introduced?
2002.
What major enlargement happened in 2004?
Cyprus, Malta, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia joined.
Which countries joined the EU in 2007?
Romania and Bulgaria.
What treaty ended the Maastricht pillar structure?
The Treaty of Lisbon.
When was the Treaty of Lisbon signed?
13 December 2007.