psych test 4

What are the three aspects involved in emotions?

-Subjective Experience (cognitive/feeling component): how an individual personally perceives, interprets, and labels an emotion. (ex: internal thoughts/commentary)

-Physiological Response (physically/ bodily component): body’s automatic, involuntary reactions to an emotional stimulus (ex: rapid heart rate or face turning red)

-Behavioral Response (expressive/action component): actual expression of the emotion, or what a person does in response to it. (ex: fleeing from danger)

Emotions are a mix of…

-bodily arousal (heart pounding)

-expressive behaviors (quickened pace)

-conscious experience (is this really happening?) and feelings (panicking)

What is James-Lange Theory?

-arousal comes before emotion

-emotion is our awareness of physiological responses

What is Cannon-Bard Theory?

-arousal and emotions occur simultaneously

• High road: cognitive response directs physiological response (being embarrassed)

• Low road: instant physiological reaction that your mind interprets (trying to calm down)

-body responses run parallel to the cognitive responses rather than causing them

What is the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory?

-emotional experience requires conscious interpretation of arousal

-arousal+label=emotion

-arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it

-Spill Over Effect: arousal spills over from one event to the next, influencing the response (kid being mad at teacher after having a bad day)

What is the universal language and why?

Emotions and Facial Expressions: Psychologically, humans share a fundamental emotional structure (fear, joy, sadness, anger) that acts as an "authentic expression of who you are," instantly recognizable across cultures

Facial feedback effect:

-facial muscle states trigger corresponding feelings

-people can mimic other’s expression, which helps them empathize

Behavior-feedback effect:

-behavior influences our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions

Evidence that leads to a happier life:

-take control of your time

-sleep and exercise

-give priority to close relationships

-find meaning beyond yourself

-challenge negative thinking

-count your blessings and record your gratitude

-nurture your spiritual self

-experiences over things

-engage yourself in work and leisure

3 main types of stress and examples?

-acute stress (short-term): Slamming on breaks in traffic

-episodic acute stress (frequent): Constantly running late

-chronic stress (long-term): dysfunctional relationships

3 types of stressors?

-catastrophes (we recover and temporary)

-significant life changes (we can adapt and temporary)

-daily hassles (impacts us the most and can lead to chronic stress)

What is general adaption syndrome (GAS)?

-describes the body’s short- and long-term physiological reactions to stress

-Alarm: mobilize resources (immediate ex: public speaking)

-Resistance: Cope with stressor (adapting to continued stress ex: final exam week)

-Exhaustion: reserves depleated (being burnt out)

How can stress be beneficial?

-improves immune system response

-motivates action

-focuses priorities

-feel engaged, energized, and satisfied

-provides challenges that encourage growth, knowledge, and self-esteem

How can stress be harmful?

-extreme prolonged stress causes problems

-mental and physical coping systems become overwhelmed and defeated rather than strengthened

-immune functioning and other health factors decline because of damage

What are the 2 types of coping?

-problem-focused coping: attempts to alleviate stress directly

-emotional-focused coping: attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

-study of how psychological processes interact with the nervous and immune system

-emotions (psycho)

-affect you brain (neuro)

-study of this field (ology)

What is external and internal locus of control?

External: your environment has control (late to work because of constant red lights)

-believe outside forces control their fate

-focuses on what you can’t change

Internal: you have control (exercising and eating health to stay fit)

-believe that they control their own destiny

-focuses on what you can change

What is self control?

-to control impulses and delay shot-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

-requires attention and energy, but predicts good adjustment, better grades, and social success

-works like a muscle

How do you reduce stress?

-aerobic exercise

-social support

-relaxation, meditation, mindfulness, yoga

-spiritual engagement like nature or faith

What is attribution theory? (Fritz Heider)

-assigning causes to behavior

-can be internal-impulsive, lazy

-can be external-poverty, busy

What is fundamental attribution theory?

-the tendency to overemphasize personal traits (dispositional factors) and underestimate external pressures (situational factors) when judging others' behavior

-they impact our political views, behavior to others, feelings about others, they MATTER

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

-we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two if our thoughts are inconsistent (smoker acknowledging health risks but justifying it to reduce guilt)

-we bring our attitudes in line with our actions

What is central route persuasion?

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts/ responding with logic (ex: a car commercial focusing on specific data rather than flashy visuals)

What is Peripheral route persuasion?

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness (when a celebrity advertises something just using looks and people buy it)

What is conformity?

Tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure or to coincide with a group standard

What is obedience?

-adhere to instructions from those of higher authority

-a good thing in a small doses, prevents anarchy and keeps social order (stopping at a red light)

-In large doses can be excuse for inhumane behavior (holocaust)

What is social facilitation?

Improved performance on simpler or well-learned tasks in the presence of others (playing better because of audience)

What is social loafing?

Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable (group project)

Why is deindividuation?

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (wearing masks or saying something anonymous online)

What is polarization?

Discussions with like-minded others strengthen members prevailing beliefs and attitudes (social media algorithm, hitting like or dislike)

What is groupthink?

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives (not wanting to be the only one speaking out against idea)

What is prejudice?

An unjustifiable land usually negative attitude toward a group and its members (man-haters)

What is stereotypes?

A generalized belief about a group of people

what is discrimination?

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Just world phenomenon:

Not always getting what we deserve or thinking someone deserves something but really doesn’t)

Ingroup bias:

More biased toward ingroup than outgroup

Scapegoat theory:

Prejudice offers an outlet for providing someone to blame

Prosocial behavior:

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Bystander effect:

Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Mere exposure effect:

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel increased liking of them (liking a song the more you listen to it)

3 parts of personality:

-Id (deepest): primitive part of personality, pleasure principle

-Ego (in the middle): social and familial ideals/ norms

-Superego (top): mediator of Id and ego

Freuds 5 psychosexual developmental stages:

Oral: pleasure centers on the mouth; sucking, biting, chewing, result in dependency or aggression

Anal: pleasure zone is the genitals; bladder and bowel, coping with sexual feelings, can lead to anal-retentive (rigid) or anal-expulsive (messy) personalities

Phallic: focus of pleasure shifts to genitals, difficulty with authority

-oedipus (boy)/electra complex (girl): developing sexual attraction to opposite sex parent

-(Boy) castration anxiety: father is more powerful and afraid he will cut off his penis

-(Girl) penis envy: penis is symbol of power and can show love to father

Latent: sexual urges repressed/dormant, allowing for child to form friendships

Genital stage: sexual pleasure in heterosexual relationships, form relationships

Issues with Freuds theory:

-lack of testability

-development is lifelong not just in childhood

-parental influence overestimated and peer influence underestimated

-gender identity is developed early and possible with a mother or father

-unrepresentative samples

How Freuds theory was useful:

-research corroborates unconscious aspects of mental functioning

-struggles behind coping with sexuality

-addressed conflict between biological impulses and social restraints

-identified forms of defense mechanisms

Defense mechanisms:

-Repression: unconscious forgetting (trauma, past failures, unacceptable urges)

-Regression: retreating to earlier psychosexual stages (sucking thumb for comfort)

-Rationalization: justifying one’s actions with socially acceptable explanations (everyone does it attitude)

-Displacement: emotional impulses are redirected to a less threatening target (angry at boss so you kick the dog)

-Reaction formation: switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites (being nice to someone you don’t like)

-Projection: disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (cheating)

-Denial: refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities (not believing cancer diagnosis)

Self-actualization:

One of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved (motivation to fulfill your potential)

Unconditional positive regard:

An attitude of total acceptance towards another person (genuineness and empathy)

Self-esteem:

an individual's overall subjective evaluation of their own personal worth or value

The big five factors to personality?

OCEAN

-Openness: intellectually curious and unconventional

-Conscientiousness: self-discipline

-Extroversion: energy, emotions, stimulation of others

-Agreeableness: compassionate

-Neuroticism: emotional stability and instability

Types of personality tests and theories they match:

Psychoanalysis theory: explores unconscious motivations, childhood experiences, and interpersonal patterns to foster deep psychological change (projective test and dream analysis)

Psychodynamic theory: interaction between unconscious mental forces, childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain personality and behavior (projective tests and therapy sessions)

Humanistic: