ENT 201 Final Exam (Sorenson)

Level of annoyance varies with ____ and ____

EX: African Bazaar Fly

individual and insect

-- found in Africa, doesn't bite, lands all over the face, can transmit diseases that lead to trachoma (which can result in permanent blindness)

entomophobia

the irrational fear of all insects, whether or not they pose a threat

delusional parasitosis

belief that non-existent insects are crawling on or biting one's body

(insects causing direct pain/medical issues)

urticating hairs, sharp mandibles, spiny legs

-- usually only sting when ____, form of ___

beetles and other hymenoptera

-- usually only sting when provoked, form of defense

Blood-sucking bites

-- insects?

-- specifically ___ ___ humans to ___

-- only ___ can bite. Why?

-- need blood for ___?

-- blood is ____, contains ___

-- flies, mosquitos, some others

-- specifically seek out humans to bite

-- only females bite, for blood meals

-- need blood for egg production

-- blood is a good source of protein, contains minerals

different insects have different ___ and ___

mouthparts and strategies

EX: slash and run biters

deer flies and horse flies

-- slash with knife like mouthparts

-- cut open, lap up blood, fly away

chiggers

-- ___ stage of ___ ___ ___

-- describe chigger bites

-- what do chiggers drink from us?

-- larval stage of free living mite (adults feed on plants)

-- injects enzymes that cause cells in the bite location to explode, components of the saliva and damaged cells create a tube to drink from.

-- chiggers drink our lymph, which contains white blood cells, which are made of fats and proteins from the intestines.

Assassin Bug

"Blood Sucking Cone Nose"

-- found in Central America

-- bite people on or near the mouth because they are attracted to CO2 (carbon dioxide)

-- can result in chagas disease

-- leaves itchy, red bite

Venomous bites from "poison" fangs

-- insects?

spiders and centipedes

all ___ are venomous, ___ actually bite

all ___ are venomous, ___ have ___ large and sharp enough to puncture skin

all spiders are venomous, few actually bite (either not aggressive or mouth is too small)

all centipedes are venomous, some have mouthparts large and sharp enough to puncture skin

Black Widows

-- Cobweb building spiders

-- Females have red hourglass on underside of abdomen

-- Males aren't big enough to bite

-- Common in North Carolina

(bites) Black Widow venom is ___, which means ?

Neurotoxic, which means there is no tissue damage but a bite can result in cardiac effects (such as racing pulse, palpitations), muscle cramps, chills, etc.. that can last up to two days

Brown Recluse

-- Not very distinctive, can recognize by dark patch on the front of its body and if close enough, six eyes (rather than the normal 8)

-- Not common in North Carolina

-- Doesn't typically build webs, instead prowls to hunt

(bites) Brown Recluse venom is ___, which means ?

Brown Recluse venom is hemotoxic, which does cause tissue damage. The bite is usually painless but blisters form and tissue dies (which can lead to craters in the skin)

___ ___ ___ ___ can be mistake for a spider bite

multiple drug resistant bacterias

Stingers

-- stinging hymenoptera (insects?)

-- modified ___ turned to stingers

-- only ___ can sting (male or female?)

-- different hymenoptera have different ___

EX: ___, ___, some ___ have evolved to have ___ stings

-- bees, wasps, hornets, etc...

-- modified ovipositors turned to stingers

-- only females can sting

-- different hymenoptera have different venoms

-- bees, ants, some wasps have evolved to have painful stings

lots of ___ hymenoptera have ___ pheromones, which ?

lots of social hymenoptera have alarm pheromones, which alerts/summons additional attackers

Wheel Bug

only bite in defense, very painful bite (NC)

Velvet Ant

wingless wasp, long stingers, very painful sting

poisonous v. venomous

poisonous = sick after ingesting

venomous = bite/sting makes you sick

Bullet Ant

Most painful sting in the world (only sting when adults)

Harvester Ant

Most toxic venom

Some ___ venoms are very toxic but are delivered in ___ amounts so they aren't very ___

Some hymenoptera venoms are very toxic but are delivered in small amounts so they aren't very dangerous

Schmidt Pain Index

-- pain scale for hymenoptera insect stings

-- ranges from 1.0 (Sweat Bee) to 4.0+ (Bullet Ant)

Parasite

Living in or on another organism (host) at the host's expense

Parasitic Arthropods

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

1) Anoplura

2) Acarina

3) Diptera

4) Hemiptera

5) Siphonaptera

Anoplura

-- the order of insects containing the sucking lice

-- all anoplura are parasites on mammals

-- 3 forms of lives that are parasitic to/on humans, 2 are the same species with different populations

Head Louse

-- hair/head only

-- bites scalp and sucks blood

-- not known to transmit diseases

-- go through incomplete metamorphosis (egg or "nits", 1st nymph, 2nd nymph, 3rd nymph, adult male/female)

-- not an indicator of socioeconomic distress

Body Louse

-- lives in clothing

-- closely related to head louse, subpopulation that has evolved to live in clothes

-- does transmit diseases

-- is an indicator of socioeconomic distress

("cootie")

Pubic Louse

-- somewhat distant from head and body louse

-- do not transmit diseases

-- likes coarse hair (pubic areas, armpits, etc)

-- not an indicator of socioeconomic distress

(called "crabs" because they resemble crabs)

Acarina

itch mites (scabies), follicle mites

Itch Mites (scabies)

-- tunnel through layers of skin (living inside of skin)

-- infestation = skin gets thick, flaky, and itchy

Follicle Mites

-- 2 species

-- live in facial hair (eyebrows, etc)

-- feed on sebaceous secretions (oils)

Diptera

-- myiasis, which is fly (larval) invasion of living tissue

-- human bottfly

Human Bottfly

-- lays eggs on mosquitos, eggs hatch when mosquitos bite warm-blood animals, crawls on animals

-- releases antibiotics so the larvae themselves don't get infected

-- goes through 3 instars

Hemiptera

bed bugs

Bed Bugs

-- not indicators of socioeconomic stress

-- extremely mobile, easy to bring home from hotels, etc

-- do not transmit diseases

Siphonaptera

fleas

Fleas

-- laterally flattened bodies to easily glide through fur

-- mouthparts are adapted to bite very rapidly

-- "combs" on the body makes them hard to get off

-- only adult fleas are parasitic, larval fleas are not

Cat Fleas

-- most common flea to infest homes

-- DOES transmit stuff, one being tapeworm

Allergies and Reactions

people can be allergic/have reactions to piece and parts of insects

German Cockroach

-- people are allergic to their frass (aka poop)

-- most common domestic pest roach

-- leading cause of asthma in urban cities

Dustmites

-- live in bedding, found almost everywhere

-- feed on dead skin cells

-- many people are allergic to their poop and waxes from their cuticle

Serious allergic reactions are from ___ (typically from ___ ___)

Serious allergic reactions are from venom (stings, bites) (typically from stinging hymenoptera)

Anaphylaxsis

-- extreme overreaction of the immune system to an allergy

-- blood pressure drops, throat swells

-- 100 to 150 people in U.S. die/yr

Disease

Negative response of the host to the agent (illness)

Agent

Pathogen responsible for infection (virus, bacterium, etc)

Vector

The organism (insect, mite, tick) that transmits the disease from an infected host to a non-infected host

Reservoir

Host animal(s) that harbors (maintains) the agent for long periods of time, often with no symptoms of the disease

Two ways an agent can spread disease from infected host to non-infected host

Mechanical Transmission and Biological Transmission

Mechanical Transmission

Agent "hitches a ride" on surface or mouthparts of vector

(flies, roaches) dysentery -- walking over gross surface and landing/touching food

Biological Transmission

Some part of disease agent's life cycle in vector (injected during blood meal aka biting or frass/bio. waste rubbed into bite)

EX: malaria cannot complete lifecycle without mosquito

The vast majority of arthropod vector diseases are ___ transmitted

The vast majority of arthropod vector diseases are BIOLOGICALLY transmitted

___ diseases found in North Carolina (list names)

Tick diseases found in North Carolina

- Lyme disease, Rocky mountain spotted fever (tick typhus), Ehrlichiosis

Lyme Disease

-- discovered in what year? where?

-- agent?

-- reservoir?

-- vector?

-- target?

-- location?

-- likelihood of getting it?

-- symptoms?

-- discovered in 1975 in Lyme, CT

-- agent? spiral shaped bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi)

-- reservoir? wild animals (white footed mice, white tailed deer)

-- vector? black legged tick or deer tick (both nymphs and adults can bite and spread)

-- target? humans and dogs (possibly cows and horses)

-- location? Coastal Plain, some Piedmont (woods, brush, pastures, etc)

-- potential? Lower in the South, ticks don't bite humans as often

-- symptoms? Bulls eye rash on 50-80% of people within 30 days, fatigue, headache, neck stiffness, muscle aches, fever, chills (if untreated 10-15% of people may get encephalitis, heart irregularities, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, arthritis)

* if caught early, can be treated with antibiotics, rarely kills people but isn't impossible

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (tick typhus)

-- agent?

-- reservoir?

-- vector?

-- target?

-- location?

-- potential?

-- mechanism?

-- symptoms?

-- agent? bacteria-like microbe called rickettsia

-- reservoir? wild and domestic animals (various sizes)

-- vector? American dog tick (mainly adults bite humans)

-- target? humans and dogs

-- location? mostly Piedmont (woods, brush, pastures)

-- potential? North Carolina has the highest number of cases, but small number of actually infected ticks

-- mechanism? tick must be attached for at least 6 hours

-- symptoms? measles-like rash around wrists and ankles within a week ("pin point rash"), fever, chills, severe headache, muscle ache within 2 weeks

Erlichiosis

-- __ to North Carolina

-- agent?

-- reservoir?

-- vector?

-- target?

-- symptoms?

-- new to North Carolina

-- agent? bacteria

-- reservoir? probably white tailed deer

-- vector? probably lone star tick

-- target? humans

-- symptoms? (flu like symptoms) fever, headache, muscle aches, nausea, NO RASH

-- can usually get over sickness on your own

Alpha-gal allergy

-- not a disease, just an allergy

-- Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose is a sugar found in all mammal meats except old world monkeys and apes (humans, us)

-- bit lone star tick that previously fed on another mammal, tick exposes us to sugar through bite which enters bloodstream = now allergic

Prevention and Treatment

-- Tuck in clothes, use repellent, examine body, clothes, and pets

-- antibiotics are very effective

-- only proper way to remove a tick is to use tweezers , grab close to the skin, and gently pull until they release

Cultural Entomology

The study of the influence of insects (arthropods) in literature, language, music, the arts, history, religion, recreation, etc

Insects in literature

-- insects as main characters in novels, short stories, and children's books

-- insects in poems

-- part of our everyday language (buzz kill, fly on the wall, busy as a bee, etc)

Insects in music and performing arts

-- The Beatles (named after Buddy Holly and the Crickets)

-- Plays: The Wasps by Aristophanes (422 BC) and The Fly by Jean Paul Sarte (1905)

-- Ballet: The Spider's Banquet by Albert Roussel

-- Opera: Mephistopheles by Don Giovanni

-- Super Bowl Commercials

Stamps

-- 7,000 insect stamps around the world

-- Most are from Africa, Asia, and Europe

-- 2/3 of all insect stamps have butterflies

-- First insect stamp was from Nicaragua with a Honey Bee

-- 400 new insect stamps worldwide/yr

Ornamentation

-- tattoos and jewelry

-- broaches tend to be dragonflies or bees

Insect Coins

-- Ancient Greeks had a major insect theme in their coins

-- ^ 300+ insect coins

-- Romans did too (minor theme)

-- Only 1 U.S. coin with an insect, fritillary butterfly

Modern Artists

-- Rodney Matthews "The Hop"

-- M.C. Escher used insects a lot

-- E.A. Seguy only liked the color and shapes of insects, no symbolism

-- Salvador Dali surrealist who used insects

-- Gary Larson insect cartoonist

Symbols in art, religion, and customs

-- Butterflies and bees are good, flies are bad

-- Egyptian Chief God Keppra was depicted as a humanoid with a beetle for a head

-- Scarabs, hieroglyphics, belief in death and rebirth symbolized with insects

Books

-- Charlotte's Web (E. White)

-- Metamorphosis (F. Kafka)

-- Empire of the Ants (H. G. Wells)

-- Aesop's Fables

-- The Bible (locust, etc)

Poetry

-- Emily Dickson has 46 bug related poems

-- Shakespeare referenced insects 170 times

-- Milton, 25 references to 6 orders

Orders used in literature

-- Lepidoptera (beauty, romance, mystery)

-- Orthoptera (good or bad)

-- Hymenoptera (most often used order)

-- Siphonaptera (fleas)

Insects in poetry examples

-- Honeys and Shakespeare (similes)

-- To a Butterfly by William Wordsworth (dedicated to insect)

-- The Final Goal by Alfred Tennyson (fables, moral, philosophical)

-- Bugs, Wooly Bear Caterpillar by Ogden Nash (funny)

Non-chemical methods to keep pest population density below economic injury level (EIL)

1)

2)

3)

4)

1) Physical control

2) Mechanical control

3) Cultural control

4) Biological control

Physical Control

manipulate pest's environment

-- temperature (make it too hot, roast them or too cold, freeze them)

-- atmosphere (eliminate oxygen)

-- sound

Mechanical Control

uses a purpose-built mechanical device or hands (and feet)

-- swat, squash, or pick them (fly swatter)

-- exclusion devices (keep them out), window screen, giant agricultural fans

-- traps (fry or make them stick)