Sed/Strat Exam 2
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40 Terms
Facies
A body of rock with specific physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that reflect its depositional environment.
Lithology
The study of the physical and chemical characteristics of rocks, including grain size, composition, color, and texture.
Ichnofossils
Fossilized traces of organism activity, such as burrows and footprints, used to interpret past environments.
Proximal Alluvial Fan
The area near the apex of an alluvial fan characterized by high-energy processes like debris flows and sheet floods.
Medial Alluvial Fan
The mid-fan region where braided streams and sheet flood flows dominate, resulting in cross-bedded sands and gravels.
Distal Alluvial Fan
The toe of the fan where low-energy flows result in fine sediments and paleosols due to sediment sorting.
Thalweg
The line connecting the lowest points of a riverbed, which correlates with maximum velocity and flow.
Sinuosity
The measure of how much a river meanders; relates to the shifting of the thalweg in meandering rivers.
Glacial Diamictite
A sedimentary deposit formed by glacial processes, characterized by a poorly sorted mixture of clasts.
Bioherm
A mound-like body created by the accumulation of organic processes, often found in reef structures.
Boundstone
A type of sedimentary rock in which the sediment grains are bound together during deposition by organisms.
Hummocky Cross-Stratification (HCS)
A sedimentary structure formed by storm wave oscillations and combined flow, indicating storm-dominated environments.
Turbidite
A sedimentary deposit resulting from gravity-driven turbidity currents, characterized by graded bedding.
Contourite
A sedimentary deposit formed by bottom currents that rework sediments into well-sorted, fine-grained layers.
Varves
Annual layers of sedimentary deposits, consisting of lighter summer and darker winter layers, indicating seasonal changes.
Walther’s Law
A principle stating that sedimentary facies that are deposited next to each other laterally will succeed vertically if sedimentation is continuous.
Accommodation Space
The space available for sediment to accumulate, determined by factors like tectonic activity and sea level changes.
Lithofacies Code
A systematic code that describes the physical characteristics of sedimentary facies, based on grain size, structure, and additional modifiers.
Facies
A body of rock with specific physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that reflect its depositional environment.
Lithology
The study of the physical and chemical characteristics of rocks, including grain size, composition, color, and texture.
Ichnofossils
Fossilized traces of organism activity, such as burrows and footprints, used to interpret past environments.
Proximal Alluvial Fan
The area near the apex of an alluvial fan characterized by high-energy processes like debris flows and sheet floods.
Medial Alluvial Fan
The mid-fan region where braided streams and sheet flood flows dominate, resulting in cross-bedded sands and gravels.
Distal Alluvial Fan
The toe of the fan where low-energy flows result in fine sediments and paleosols due to sediment sorting.
Thalweg
The line connecting the lowest points of a riverbed, which correlates with maximum velocity and flow.
Sinuosity
The measure of how much a river meanders; relates to the shifting of the thalweg in meandering rivers.
Glacial Diamictite
A sedimentary deposit formed by glacial processes, characterized by a poorly sorted mixture of clasts.
Bioherm
A mound-like body created by the accumulation of organic processes, often found in reef structures.
Boundstone
A type of sedimentary rock in which the sediment grains are bound together during deposition by organisms.
Hummocky Cross-Stratification (HCS)
A sedimentary structure formed by storm wave oscillations and combined flow, indicating storm-dominated environments.
Turbidite
A sedimentary deposit resulting from gravity-driven turbidity currents, characterized by graded bedding.
Contourite
A sedimentary deposit formed by bottom currents that rework sediments into well-sorted, fine-grained layers.
Varves
Annual layers of sedimentary deposits, consisting of lighter summer and darker winter layers, indicating seasonal changes.
Walther’s Law
A principle stating that sedimentary facies that are deposited next to each other laterally will succeed vertically if sedimentation is continuous.
Accommodation Space
The space available for sediment to accumulate, determined by factors like tectonic activity and sea level changes.
Lithofacies Code
A systematic code that describes the physical characteristics of sedimentary facies, based on grain size, structure, and additional modifiers.
Ripple Marks
Small, wave-like ridges formed on a sediment surface by fluid flow (water or wind).
Cross-Bedding
Internal stratification oblique to the main bedding planes, formed by the migration of ripples or dunes.
Deltaic Environment
A depositional system formed where a river enters a standing body of water (sea or lake), characterized by a variety of sub-environments.
Diagenesis
All physical, chemical, and biological changes that sediment undergoes after deposition and before metamorphism.