HASS WW1 Revision

Short- Term Causes of WW1

Assasination, Crisis

Long- Term Causes of WW1

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism,

Why was Militarism a long-term cause?

European armies engaged in arms race.

Why was Alliances a long-term cause?

Triple Entente and Triple Alliance formed, essentially creating two massive armies.

Why was Nationalism a long term cause?

Because every country retained national pride, which led countries to believe they were ‘‘the best’’ and shouldn’t be taken over by another country. It also led to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, because different language groups in Bosnia–Herzegovina did not see themselves as Austrian or Hungarian when Austria- Hungary took over, and wanted independence.

Why was Imperialism a long term cause?

Because of competition for colonies. Germany tried to claim colonies in Africa because it was established later and was trying to build its colonial empire to compete with France and Belgium, who were also trying to take control over the new African colonies.

Why was Assasination a short term cause?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were killed, creating tension between two different parts of Hungary, which led to WW1. This was mainly because different language groups in Bosnia–Herzegovina did not see themselves as Austrian or Hungarian when Austria- Hungary took over, and wanted independence.

Why was Crisis a short term cause?

The Bosnian and Moroccan Crisis created tensions in Europe.

What were the conditions on the Western Frount?

Trench Warfare, Diseases, Stalemates.

Trench Warfare

Soldiers were ankle deep in mud & slime, had flooded trenches, freezing conditions and endured shell-shock.

Trench types

• ‘‘Front line’’- a trench 1 km from German’s front line (men took turns being there)

• ‘‘Support’’- men and supplies to assist front line.

• ‘‘Reserve’’- more emergency supplies and men.

• ‘‘Communication’’- connected trenches and allowed for movement of messages, supplies and men.

Stalemates

Were caused by trench warfare and plans to break them usually failed due to confusion, smoke, noise, death and hand-to-hand combat.

Diseases

• Included: Trench foot (fungus/gangrene), Influenza, Pneumonia, Trench fever, Dysentery

• Were spread by rats, lice and mosquitos

What was the Gallipoli Campaign?

The plan to defeat the Ottoman Empire made up by Winston Churchill as an attempt to break the Western Front stalemate. The goal was to capture Constantinople, open up a supply route to Russia and weaken the central powers.

Gallipoli Campaign- Phase One

• March 1915

• Allied ships attempt to pass through Dardanelles and fail due to underwater mines

• Lose 3 battleships with 3 also badly damaged

Gallipoli Campaign- Phase 2

• 25th of April 1915

• ANZAC troops plan to land at Gallipoli peninsula but land at ANZAC cove due to destroyed ships.

• Face steep cliffs, strong resistance.

Gallipoli Stalemate

• Conditions: harsh, slow fighting, high casualties

• Trenches dug- fighting becomes like Western Front (which they were trying to avoid)

August 1915 offensive

• Allies launch Battle of Lone Pine in attempt to break stalemate at Gallipoli.

• Did not change situation apart from some enemy trenches captured.

End of Gallipoli Campaign

Most Successful Campaign!

• Allies evacuated December 1915

• Campaign failed to defeat enemy and break stalemate (didn’t reach goal)

• One of the most successful evacuations in history

• Tactics: wrapped horse hooves in cloth, rigged up self-firing rifles with tin water timers (ghost guns of Gallipoli)

ANZAC day significance (25th of April)

It was significant because it commemorates the first time Aus. went to war as a nation, remembers the sacrifices of all who died and honours the courage and bravery of the survivors, celebrates Aus. victory in Villers- Bretonneux on 25th of April 1918.