Upper Respiratory and Digestive Tract Anatomy: Key Structures and Epithelium Types

What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

nasal cavity, pharynx

Which type of cartilage makes up the external nose?

hyaline cartilage

What two bones join together to form the nasal septum?

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone + vomer

What openings are found inside the nasal cavity?

openings to sinuses + nasolacrimal duct

List the regions of the pharynx in order from superior to inferior.

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What is the epithelial lining in the oropharynx?

stratified squamous

Which region of the pharynx is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

nasopharynx

Which region of the pharynx contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic tube?

nasopharynx

What type of muscle is the soft palate?

skeletal muscle

What structure blocks off the nasopharynx when we swallow?

uvula (extension of soft palate)

What structure blocks off the larynx when we swallow?

epiglottis

What type of muscle makes up the wall of the pharynx?

skeletal muscle (swallowing is voluntary)

What region of the pharynx contains the palatine tonsils?

oropharynx

Which cartilage in the wall of the larynx contains the laryngeal prominence?

thyroid cartilage

Which set of folds in the larynx are positioned more superiorly and laterally?

false vocal folds (vestibular folds)

What type of cartilage is the thyroid and cricoid cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

elastic cartilage

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea?

hyaline cartilage

What makes up the posterior wall of the trachea?

trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

What is the name of the cluster of cells found at the bifurcation of the trachea?

the Carina

The trachea is found _______ to the esophagus (hint: directional term).

anterior

What is the epithelial lining in the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar (typical respiratory epithelium)

Damage to the airway by chronic smoking, for example, would cause the epithelium in the trachea to switch to ________.

stratified squamous (protective epithelium)

The trachea will split into a right and left ________________.

primary bronchi

What is the order of air flow through the lower respiratory tract?

larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli

Where in the lower respiratory tract does the epithelium first lose its cilia?

terminal bronchioles

Where in the lower respiratory tract does the wall lose hyaline cartilage?

bronchioles

What is the epithelial lining in the alveoli?

simple squamous (functions for diffusion)

What do type II pneumocytes secrete?

surfactant (keeps alveoli from collapsing)

Which lung contains the superior, inferior, and middle lobes?

right lung

What lobes are found in the left lung?

superior and inferior lobes

Which lung contains only the oblique fissure?

left lung

What fissures are found in the right lung?

oblique and horizontal fissure

What structures can you find in the hilum of the lung?

primary bronchi (1), pulmonary artery (1), pulmonary veins (2), nerves, lymphatic vessels

Which lung contains the impressions for the superior vena cava and the azygos vein?

right lung

What is the name for the serous membrane that lines the inside of the thoracic cavity wall?

parietal pleura

What is the name for the serous membrane that lines the surface of the lungs?

visceral pleura

What structures form the roof of the oral cavity?

hard palate (located anteriorly) + soft palate (located posteriorly)

How many primary teeth do children have?

20 total - 10 on top and 10 on bottom

How many secondary teeth do you have?

32 total including 'wisdom teeth'

Which salivary gland is found anterior to the ear and contains a duct that courses through the buccinator?

parotid gland

Which salivary gland is found inferior to the mandible?

submandibular gland

What is the name of the serous membrane that lines the surface of some organs inside the abdominal cavity?

visceral peritoneum (lines surface of organs)

What about the membrane that lines the inside of the abdominal cavity wall?

parietal peritoneum (lines inside of cavity wall)

What is the name of the extension of parietal peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

mesentery

What is the name of the extension of visceral peritoneum that extends off of the greater curvature of the stomach?

greater omentum

Name the layers of the GI tract wall in order from deep to superficial.

mucosa - submucosa - muscularis - serosa

Name the structures of the GI tract that food will pass through in order from start to finish.

oral cavity - pharynx (oropharynx then laryngopharynx) - esophagus - stomach - small intestine (duodenum - jejunum - ileum) - large intestine (cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anal canal)

What is the mucosa of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx?

all have stratified squamous

What is the mucosa of the esophagus?

stratified squamous

What type of tissue is the muscularis in the superior part of the esophagus?

skeletal muscle

What type of tissue is the muscularis in the inferior part of the esophagus?

smooth muscle

What is the name of the structure that prevents food contents in the stomach from splashing back up into the esophagus?

cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)

What is the most superior region of the stomach?

fundus

Which region of the stomach surrounds the opening?

cardiac region

Which region of the stomach surrounds the exit?

pyloric region

Which curvature in the stomach is positioned more superiorly and medially in the abdomen?

lesser curvature

What is the name of the structures that are responsible for allowing the stomach to stretch up to 50 times its empty size?

rugae

How many layers of smooth muscle are found in the muscularis of the esophagus?

two layers (outer in longitudinal direction + inner in circular direction)

How many layers of smooth muscle are found in the muscularis of the stomach?

three layers (outer in longitudinal direction + middle in circular direction + inner in oblique direction)

What is the mucosa of the stomach?

simple columnar with mucus cells

Name the specialized cells found in the gastric glands.

G-cells, parietal cells, chief cells

Which specialized cell in the gastric glands secretes gastric lipase and pepsinogen?

chief cells

Which specialized cell in the gastric glands secretes intrinsic factor?

parietal cells

Which region of the small intestine makes a C-shaped curvature around the head of the pancreas?

duodenum

What is the last part / region of the small intestine?

ileum

Name the three structures that greatly increase the surface area of the small intestine.

plicae circularies, villi, microvilli

What is the mucosa of the small intestine?

simple columnar with microvilli

Name the specialized cells found in the intestinal glands.

endocrine cells + paneth cells

What is the lymphatic vessel found in the core of the villi for the absorption of fats?

central lacteal

What is the mucosa of the large intestine?

simple columnar with goblet cells

What is the lymphatic structure that attaches to the cecum of the large intestine?

appendix

In which quadrant can the appendix be found?

lower right quadrant

Which region of the colon extends from the upper right quadrant to the upper left quadrant?

transverse colon

Which region of the colon extends from the lower left quadrant toward midline of the abdominal cavity (at top of sacrum)?

sigmoid colon

Which region of the colon extends from the lower right quadrant to the upper right quadrant?

ascending colon

What is the bend in the colon located in the upper left quadrant?

splenic flexure (left colic flexure)

What are the pouches formed in the colon due to the contraction of the teniae coli?

haustra

What are the sacs of adipose formed in the serosa that hang off of the colon?

epiploic appendages

What type of anal sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and is voluntarily controlled?

external anal sphincter

Which lobe of the liver is located on the posterior side and found next to the gallbladder?

quadrate lobe (caudate and quadrate lobes can only be seen on posterior side)

Which lobe of the liver is the largest?

right lobe

Which ligament associated with the liver is found between the right and left lobes and attaches the liver to the anterior diaphragm?

falciform ligament

Which ligament associated with the liver extends out of the inferior side and attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

round ligament of liver (this used to be umbilical vein)

Which accessory organ of the digestive system produces bile?

liver produces it

Which duct carries bile out of the gallbladder?

cystic duct

What duct is formed by the merging of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct that will enter into the head of the pancreas?

common bile duct

What structure will the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct secrete through to get bile, pancreatic enzymes, and bicarbonate into the duodenum?

major duodenal papilla

Which digestive accessory structure is located deep to the stomach?

pancreas

In which quadrant is the liver located?

upper right quadrant

In which quadrant is the spleen located?

upper left quadrant

Are the renal pyramids part of the renal medulla or renal cortex?

renal medulla

Are the renal columns part of the renal medulla or renal cortex?

renal cortex

What will the papillary ducts (located in the renal papilla) drain urine into?

minor calyces

What will the major calyces drain urine into?

renal pelvis

Which vessels branch off of the abdominal aorta and carry blood into the kidney?

renal arteries

Which vessels are found coursing through the renal columns between each renal lobe?

interlobar arteries

Which vessels are found arcing over the renal pyramids?

arcuate arteries

Blood in the cortical radiate arteries will flow into which arteries next?

afferent arterioles

Blood in the segmental arteries will flow into which arteries next?

interlobar arteries