SBI3U - Plants

Plants are _____

multicellular eukaryotes

Plants are _____ containing chloroplasts for photosynthesi

autotrophs

Plants are _____ (fixed to one spot)

non-motile

Plant cell walls are made of _____

cellulose

Plants respond to the _____; an example of this is _____, meaning the plant moves towards are responds to a _____ such as _____

environment, phototropism, stimuli, light

The earliest photosynthetic organisms were plant-like _____ that lived in _____

protists, water

Even today about _____ of photosynthesis occurs in the oceans

70%

Plants adapted to live on land by protecting themselves from _____ for _____ and _____

drying out, leaves, stems

Plants adapted to live on land by creating a system of vessels to transport _____, _____, and _____ in the _____, _____, and _____

water, nutrients, wastes, roots, stems, leaves

Plants adapted to life on land by using _____ and _____ to hold the plant up and capture energy from _____

stems, leaves, light

The earliest land plants were _____

non-vascular

Non-vascular plants have no _____ to carry nutrients, water, or waste

system of vessels

_____, _____, and _____ evolved about 500 million years ago from green algae

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Non-vascular plants need a _____ for gametes to swim together for _____

moist surface, reproduction

Non-vascular plants make _____, not seeds

spores

Non-vascular plants lack true _____, _____, or _____ and are small

leaves, roots, stems

In non-vascular plants, all water, nutrients, and waste move between cells by _____ and _____, so their growth is limited

osmosis, diffusion

Apical growth is the ability for a plant to _____

grow vertically

As plants adapted to land, they evolved more _____

complex structures

_____ were the first vascular plants

ferns

Ferns have _____ or vessels to transport materials between different parts of the plant so they can _____

vascular tissue, grow taller

Ferns (vascular plants) have true roots to _____ and _____

anchor them, absorb water and minerals

In ferns (vascular plants), leaves are _____ and _____ from the atmosphere

photosynthetic, absorb gases

Ferns still use _____ for reproduction

spores

Next, plants evolved _____, and evolutionary adaptation to improve _____

seeds, reproductive success

Seeds allow a plant to reproduce _____ without needing water for the _____ to swim to each other

sexually, gametes

Seeds contain a _____, a _____, and a _____

fully developed embryo, food supply, water-proof seed coat

Gymnosperms are plants that produce _____

naked seeds

Gymnosperms include all the _____ or pine trees that produce _____

coniferse, cones

The most recnet evolutionary adaptation for plants was to produce _____, again to improve _____

flowers, reproductive success

Angiosperms are _____ plants—the seeds fo angiosperms are protected in the _____ and attract _____ to distribute the seeds

flowering, fruit, animals

Naked seeds are _____ whereas non-naked seeds are _____

not contained within a fruit, contained within a fruit

Gymnosperms are mainly pollinated by _____

wind

Angiosperms have a _____, whereas gymnosperms are _____

seasonal life cycle, evergreen

A pedicel is stalk that _____

supports the individual flower

A receptacle is the thickened part of the _____ from whcih all the _____ grow

stem, floral organs

Sepals (in a group the calyx) are leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the _____

developing flower bud

Petals (in a group the corolla) attracts specific _____

pollinators

The stamen is the _____, consisting of a pollen-producing _____ and a slender _____

male reproductive organ, anther, filament

The pistil (or carpel) is the _____, comprised of a pollen-receiving _____, supportive _____, and an _____

female reproductive organ, stigma, style, ovary

The ovary contains the _____ and develops into a _____

ovules, fruit

What are the 2 classes of angiosperms?

monocots, dicots

Monocots have _____, while dicots have _____

one seed leaf, two seed leaves

Seed leaves are not _____, but parts of the _____ that can use the _____ stored in the seed while the plant grows large enough to have _____

true leaves, embryo, starch, photosynthetic leaves

Orchies, grasses, wheat, and rice are _____ or soft-stemmed monocots while bamboo, palms, and sugar cane are _____ or tough-stemmed monocots

herbaceous, woody

_____ include potatoes, squash, salad greens, and legumes while the _____ include common trees and shrubs like maples, oakas, and roses

Harbaceous dicots, woody dicots

All ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms have _____ with two types of vessels, _____

vascular bundles, xylem and phloem

_____ and _____ are carried _____ by xylem from the roots up the stems to the leaves and flowers

water, dissolved minerals, up

Phloem carries _____ between plant cells

sugars

Xylem is formed from long _____ that are _____

traceids, dead cells

Water moves into xylem in the _____ from the soil by _____

roots, osmosis

Water evaporates from the leaves by a process called _____, and this pulls water up the _____ via _____ between the water molecules

transpiration, xylem, hydrogen bonds

Phloem is formed from _____ that are _____

sieve tube elements, living cells

_____ is moved both _____ the plant in phloem by a process called _____

sugar dissovled in water, up and down, translocation

The first step of translocation is active loading, when sucrose and glucose goes into the _____ via _____, using ATP to go from a low concentration in the source to a high concentration in the _____

companion cells, protein channels, sieve-tube elements

The second step of translocation is osmosis, which is caused by the high concentration of _____ in the sieve-tube elements; water moves in from the _____

sugar, xylem

The third step of translocation is hydrostatic pressure, where an influx of water increases the _____ at the source end, pushing the sap towards a low concentration of _____, known as the _____

turgor pressure, sugar, sink

The fourth step of translocation unloading, which is driven by _____ or using ATP (if there is more sugar in the sink than in the sieve-tube elements), sugars move through _____ (via _____) to the sink; as sugar levels drop, water is returned to the _____

concentration, companion cells, protein channels, xylem

Monocot roots are _____, while dicots have _____ like the long thick central root seen on dandelions

fibrous and networked, taproots

Monocots have _____ vascular tissue, while dicots have vascular tissue in an _____

scattered, outer ring

Xylem is located on the _____ of the vascular bundle while phloem is towards the _____

inside, outside

Companion cells are the _____ for phloem cells, as sieve tube elements lose their nucleus, ribosomes, and vacuoles to _____

life support, maximize space for sugar transport

The cambium is in between the _____ and the _____ and is composed of _____ in _____; the tissue is responsible fro increasing the thickness of the plant, eventually forming _____

xylem, phloem, meristematic tissue, dicots and gymnosperms, woody tissue

Veins are _____; in stems, monocots have _____ in their leaves while dicots have a _____ in their leaves

vascular bundles, parallel veins, network of veins

Monocots usually have the flower parts in multiples of _____, while dicot petals are in multiples fo _____

3, 4 or 5

What are the 4 functions of roots?

anchor the plant in the soil, absorb water and minerals, protect the soil from erosion, carry water to the plant through xylem

In the region of elongation, cells physically _____

elongate

The root cap is to prevent _____ as the root grows deeper

friction

Epidermal cells futher protect the _____

region of meristematic activity

Root hairs are formed as extensions of the _____ and gretly increase the _____

epidermis, surface area

Water enters the soil by _____ and flows _____ through the xylem

osmosis, up

Nutrients like nitrates, phosphates, potassium, and magnesium dissolve in _____ and enter by the _____

water, roots

What are the 3 functions of stems?

hold the leaves up to light, transport water and dissovled minerals in xylem, transport dissolved sugar in the phloem

What are the 3 functions of specialized stems?

stolons (strawberries have runners for asexual reproduction), rhizomes (irisies have underground buds for asexual reproduction), tubers (starch storage like potatoes)

_____ must grow from seeds every year and have _____ stems

annual plants, green

_____ like trees and shurbs have _____ stems

perennial plants, woody

What are the 4 functions of leaves?

trap light energy for photosynthesis and produce glucose for cellular respiration, exchange of CO₂ and O₂, water lost from leaves by transpriation helps pull more water up from roots, provide food, shade, habitat, and oxygen for many organisms

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

6CO₂ + 6H₂O —> (sunlight/chlorophyll) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ —> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

Deciduous leaves are wide to _____ and flat to _____

capture more light energy, increase surface area for gas exchange by diffusion

Needles are advantageous ecause the thick waxy coating _____

saves water and makes them tough to eat

Needles can _____ all year and have low _____ and survive _____

photosynthesize year-round, wind resistance, ice and snow

Needles are found in _____

gymnosperms

The cuticle is a waxy layer to _____

protect leaf and reduce water and gas loss

The epidermis provides _____ to the leaf, are _____ for sunlight to enter, and the lower epidermis has _____

mechanical strength, transparent, stomata and guard cells

The palisade mesophyll is found just under the _____, contains a large number of _____ with chlorophyll, and is the main site of _____

upper epidermis, chloroplasts, photosynthesis

The long box-like structure of palisade mesolhyll allows light to enter at the _____ and gases to diffuse in and out at the _____ of the cell

top, bottom

Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed cells year the bottom fo the leaf that have _____ for gases to _____ in and out of the leaf

large air spaces, diffuse

Water vapour molecules move into the spaces between the _____ and escape through the _____ during _____

spongy cells, transpiration

Leaves have small holes called _____ (stoma) on the bottom surface

stomata

Stomata are designed for _____, and water vapour _____; they are opened and closed by _____

gas exchange, transpiration, two gaurd cells

When it is light, the plant needs _____ for photosynthesis, so the stomata _____

CO₂, open

Even in the light, sometimes the stoma partly close to prevent _____

water loss

At night (darkness), the stomata _____

close