specific unit 2 study guide

Inflammation

Protective response to injury or infection characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Redness (Rubor)

Caused by vasodilation and increased blood flow

Heat (Calor)

Caused by increased blood flow

Swelling (Tumor)

Caused by increased capillary permeability and fluid movement into tissues

Pain (Dolor)

Caused by inflammatory mediators and tissue swelling

Loss of Function

Result of pain, swelling, and tissue damage

Acute Inflammation

Short-term response involving neutrophils and healing

Chronic Inflammation

Long-term response involving macrophages, lymphocytes, fibrosis, and tissue destruction

Fever

Elevation in body temperature caused by pyrogens acting on the hypothalamus

Neutrophils

First responders; phagocytize bacteria and form pus

Macrophages

Phagocytosis, cytokine release, and antigen presentation

Monocytes

Blood cells that become macrophages in tissues

Natural Killer Cells

Destroy virus-infected and cancer cells

Mast Cells

Release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions

Basophils

Release histamine and participate in allergic reactions

Eosinophils

Defend against parasites and participate in allergic reactions

Histamine

Causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Phagocytosis

Process of engulfing and destroying pathogens

Complement System

Protein cascade that enhances inflammation and destroys pathogens

C3a

Promotes inflammation

C5a

Promotes inflammation and attracts leukocytes

C3b

Opsonization

Opsonization

Coating pathogens to make phagocytosis easier

C5b-9

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Membrane Attack Complex

Creates holes in pathogen membranes causing cell death

Plasma Proteins in Inflammation

Complement proteins, clotting proteins, and kinin proteins

Kinin System

Produces bradykinin which causes pain and increased permeability

Bradykinin

Causes pain and increased vascular permeability

Intrinsic Coagulation Cascade

Activated when blood contacts exposed collagen inside damaged vessels

Primary Intention

Wound edges are approximated; minimal scarring

Secondary Intention

Wound edges are not approximated; more granulation tissue and scarring

Hemostasis

First phase of wound healing involving clot formation

Proliferation Phase

Granulation tissue and new blood vessel formation

Remodeling Phase

Scar maturation and collagen reorganization

Innate Immunity

Fast, nonspecific immunity present at birth

Adaptive Immunity

Specific immunity with memory that develops after exposure

Humoral Immunity

B-cell immunity involving antibodies

Cell-Mediated Immunity

T-cell immunity

Helper T Cells (CD4)

Coordinate immune responses through cytokine release

Th1 Cells

Promote cell-mediated immunity and activate macrophages

Th2 Cells

Promote humoral immunity and stimulate B cells

B Cells

Produce antibodies and become plasma cells

Plasma Cells

Secrete antibodies

IgG

Most common antibody; crosses placenta

IgM

First antibody produced during infection

IgA

Found in saliva, tears, mucus, and breast milk

IgE

Associated with allergies and anaphylaxis

IgD

B-cell receptor

Anaphylaxis

Severe life-threatening Type I hypersensitivity reaction

Type I Hypersensitivity

IgE-mediated allergy

Autoimmune Disease

Immune system attacks self tissues

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Autoimmune disease involving immune complex deposition and inflammation

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus that attacks CD4 helper T cells

AIDS

Advanced immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection

HIV Transmission

Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk

HIV Not Transmitted By

Hugging, shaking hands, sharing food, casual contact

RNA Virus

Virus that uses RNA as genetic material

Examples of RNA Viruses

HIV, influenza, COVID-19, RSV

Malignant Tumor

Cancerous tumor that invades tissue and metastasizes

Metastasis

Spread of cancer to distant sites

Cancer Staging

Determines extent of cancer spread

TNM System

Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis

T in TNM

Tumor size and invasion

N in TNM

Lymph node involvement

M in TNM

Distant metastasis

Stage IV Cancer

Cancer with distant metastasis

Cancer Prognosis

Predicted outcome of disease

Cancer Signs and Symptoms

Weight loss, fatigue, pain, anemia, cachexia

Alcohol and Cancer

Increases risk of liver, oral, esophageal, breast, and colorectal cancers