Honors Anatomy & Physiology PAK 4 Exam Review

Flashcards created for key terms and concepts in the Honors Anatomy & Physiology PAK 4 Exam Review.

Cranium

The portion of the skull that encloses the brain.

Vertebral Column

The spine, composed of individual vertebrae, which supports the head and protects the spinal cord.

Pectoral Girdle

The bony structure that connects the arms to the torso, consisting of the clavicle and scapula.

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the limbs and girdles.

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra that supports the skull and allows the nodding of the head.

Axis

The second cervical vertebra that allows for the rotation of the head.

Thoracic Cage

The bony structure formed by the ribs and sternum that encloses and protects the thoracic organs.

True Pelvis

The portion of the pelvis that lies below the pelvic brim and is involved in childbirth.

False Pelvis

The area above the pelvic brim, primarily supporting the abdominal organs.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for bone formation.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone tissue.

Simple Fracture

A fracture where the bone is broken cleanly with no puncture or open wound.

Compound Fracture

A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin.

Greenstick Fracture

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends.

Comminuted Fracture

A fracture where the bone is shattered into many pieces.

Synovial Joints

Joints that are characterized by a fluid-filled joint cavity, allowing for a range of motion.

Bursae

Small fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction and cushion pressure points between the bones and tendons.

Articulation

The point where two bones meet to form a joint.

Kyphosis

An abnormal forward curvature of the spine, resulting in a hunchback appearance.

Pronation

The rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces downwards.

Supination

The rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces upwards.

Tendon

A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.

Ligament

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones at a joint.

Meniscus

Crescent-shaped cartilaginous structures in the knee that absorb shock and stabilize the joint.