TBI

Acquired Brain Injury

Damage to the brain acquired after birth.

Traumatic Injury

Caused by accidents, assaults, neurosurgery, falls, being struck by an object, or sports.

Nontraumatic Injury

Caused by stroke, tumor, infection, virus, poisoning, substance abuse, anoxia, or near drowning.

T/F: Nontraumatic brain injuries are more common than traumatic ones.

False

Coup Injury

A direct brain injury that occurs at the site of impact when the head hits an obstacle.

Contrecoup Injury

An injury that occurs on the side opposite the site of impact, often due to the brain rebounding within the skull.

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Brain injury resulting from the brain moving back and forth within the skull, causing widespread axonal shearing.

Affected Age Groups

Children, older adolescents, and adults aged 65+ are most affected by TBI.

T/F: Women are more likely to experience TBI

False; Males are about 1.4 times more likely to experience a TBI than females.

What is the leading causes of TBI?

Falls

What is the risk after 1 TBI?

3x greater chance for another TBI

What is the risk after 2 TBIs?

8x greater chance for another

Primary Consequences

Examples include contusions, lacerations, diffuse axonal injury, cranial nerve shearing, tearing of the pituitary stalk.

Secondary Consequences

Examples include intracranial hemorrhage, edema, neurochemical events leading to neuronal death.

Normal ICP Values

0-10 mmHg

Abnormal ICP Values

> 20 mmHg

Neurological Dysfunction ICP Values

>40 mmHg

Fatal ICP Values

>60 mmHg

External Ventricular Drain

Device used to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the brain to reduce intracranial pressure.

EVD Precautions

Regular monitoring of drainage and positioning to prevent complications.

Grade 1 of Concussion

Transient confusion, no LOC, and cognitive symptoms <15

Grade 2 of Concussion

No LOC, cognitive symptoms >15

Grade 3 of Concussion

Definite LOC

Focal Injury

Localized to one area of the brain.

Diffuse Injury

Affects multiple areas of the brain.

Penetrating Injury

Open head injury with dura mater breached.

Non-penetrating Injury

Closed head injury.

Mild Brain Injury (mTBI)

Mental confusion resolves within 24 hours, and LOC lasts less than 30 minutes.