Sullivan Honors World Studies - China Test

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Bhudda

Teachings were used for Buddhism. He was a former prince and became enlightened

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

collective

large farm leased from the state to groups of peasant farmers

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. Founder of confucianism

Cultural Revolution

(1966-1976) Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China. This resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailings, and the deaths of thousands.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.

Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)

The first great leader of the Kuomintang. In 1912, he overthrew the Qing Dyansty. He became president of China and tried to make it a democracy. He established 3 three principles of the people

Dynasties

families that hold power for many generations

Cixi - Empress Dowager

a Chinese empress dowager and regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years from 1861 until her death in 1908.

Extraterritoriality

Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation.

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Five Relationships

Confucian philosophy about social order where everyone has a place and respect is paid to elders, parents, and the government. The relationships are, ruler to ruled, father to son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, friend to friend.

Five Year Plan

in 1953, the Chinese, with the help of the soviets, established a plan to reform and bring success to Chinese industry

Formosa (Taiwan)

Chiang fled with his political allies and the remnants of his army to this offshore island, and was also called the Republic of China

Four Modernizations

Deng Xiaoping's plan to change China after the disaster of Cultural Revolution. Improve- agriculture, science/technology, defense and industry

Four Olds

Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.

Gang of Four

Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of Communist government in China from the pragmatists; arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong's death.

Ghengis Khan

Mongol leader who led their conquest westward and who is renowned for his ability and his ruthlessness.

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

Han Dynasty

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

Hong Kong

A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997

kowtow

a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission

Kublai Khan

(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.

Laozi

A Chinese philosopher, the founder of Daoism.

Little Red Book

A book circulated throughout China during the reign of Mao Zedong, which contained his political philosophy for China. It was required reading in all schools.

Loess

Weird Mountain Things

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source. a ruler could be overthrown if they lost this.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Mongol Horde

The many different militaristic tribal groups who were united under one goal, to conquer the known wars. Great warriors and rulers they were capable of successfully ruling a large area of land. Ruled by tribute.

Opium Wars in China

The period of time where China attempted to stop the British from trading opium to the Chinese people for a big profit. The Chinese lost these wars and gave into unfair treaties.

People's Communes

The regional unit that comprised the collectivization system. It is an intentionally assembled community of people living together, sharing common interests, property, possessions, and even work and income.

People's Liberation Army

Chinese Communist army; administered much of country under People's Republic of China.

Qin Dynasty

the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall

Qing

The Chinese government is ruled by this ethnically Manchurian dynasty during this period. They attempted to hold on to pre-industrial ways and resisted foreign involvement in their country (without success).

Red Guards

The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution. Wore red arm bands and carried his book. Terrorized Chinese citizens and determined who went to camps.

responsibility system

replaced collective farming

Role of Women

In the 1920s, the traditional separation of labor between men and women continued. Most middle-class women expected to spend their lives as homemakers and mothers.

Shang Dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

Special Economic Zones

In 1979, the Chinese government set up these zones on the coast near Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses. They helped stimulate innovation and helped China grow economically.

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

Steppe

A large area of flat unforested grassland in China

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

warlord

a military commander exercising civil power by force, usually in a limited area

Xia Dynasty

A legendary series of monarchs of early China, traditionally dated to 2200-1766 BCE

Yuan Dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)