Microbiology Chapter 8

These flashcards cover key concepts and terms from Chapter 8 of microbiology, focusing on metabolism, cellular respiration, and enzyme activity.

Metabolism

Chemical reactions used to break down substances for energy and build new substances using that energy.

Anabolism

Combines energy and molecules to build new substances.

Catabolism

Breaks down substances to release energy.

Formula for Cellular Respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP.

Reactants in Cellular Respiration

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and Oxygen (O₂).

Products of Cellular Respiration

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and ATP.

Metabolic Pathway

A series of chemical reactions that lead to an end product.

Enzyme

A protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions.

Activation Energy

The energy needed to start a reaction, which enzymes lower.

Active Site

The site on an enzyme where a substrate binds.

Substrate

The specific molecule an enzyme acts upon.

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitor binds to the active site, blocking the substrate.

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Inhibitor binds elsewhere, changing the enzyme’s shape and preventing substrate binding.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

pH, Temperature, Presence of inhibitors.

Additional Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Phosphorylation, Cofactors present, Amount of substrate, Amount of enzyme.

Glycolysis Location

Occurs in the Cytoplasm for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Intermediate Step Location

Cytoplasm (prokaryotes), Mitochondria (eukaryotes).

Krebs Cycle Location

Cytoplasm (prokaryotes), Mitochondria (eukaryotes).

Electron Transport Chain Location

Plasma membrane (prokaryotes), Mitochondria (eukaryotes).

Net ATP from Glycolysis

2 net ATP (4 produced, 2 used).

ATP from Intermediate Step

0 ATP.

ATP from Krebs Cycle

2 ATP.

ATP from Electron Transport Chain

34 ATP.

ATP from Fermentation

2 to 3 ATP.

Main Steps of Eukaryotic Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.

Where Glycolysis Occurs in Eukaryotes

Cytoplasm.

Krebs Cycle and ETC Location in Eukaryotes

Mitochondria.

Carriers of Electrons to the ETC

NADH and FADH₂.

Electron Transport Chain

Krebs Cycle

Glycolysis