western civ final

cynics/cynicism

doubts about society and human nature. “can humans make right decisions?”

Antitheses

philosopher with cynical viewpoint about possessions and pleasure. creates cynic school

Epicureanism/Epicureans

Hellenistic philosopher that aims to minimize pain and maximize pleasure through moderation and friendship. founded by Epicurus

Stoicism/Stoics

founded by Zeno. Says all humans are born with a purpose and needs to satisfy that purpose

Eluclid

Greek Mathematician. “father of geometry.” famous for work - Elements

Elements

13 book treatise on geometry, math, and number theory

Archimedes

Ancient mathematician and physicists. His architecture and advancement were useful in war. Measured the sun!

Eratosthenes

measures circumference of earth

Ptolemaic System

belief that Earth is the center of the universe. By Ptolemy of Alexandria

Herophilius of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos

Teo medical scientist that understood how the body works and opened the bodies of prisoners

Empiricism

Observable science. Philosophical theory that knowledge comes from experience, observation, and experiment.

Cumae

located on Bay of Naples. attractive place for commerce

Syracuse

greatest city in Sicily and most prosperous Greek colony

Phoneticians

sea fearing people

Carthage/Carthaginians

threatened by Greeks from Sicily and form alliance with Etruscans

Etruscans

Created from remanance of other civilizations

Etruria

rich farmland ans minerals. Ingenious but they are hard to study because all their things were made of wood and there is nothing left so information is retrieved from people who visited.

Divination

religious belief of Etruscan. can tell future based on nature

Jupiter

Minerva’s husband

Minerva

God of handiwork and craft

Romulus and Remus

supposed founders of Rome. Twin sons of Mars and Roman princess

Mars

god of war

Aeneas

supposed founder of Rome. Son of Aphrodite and Trojan warrior

Aphrodite

goddess of love

Tarquin the Proud

corrupt Etruuscan kind who had an immoral son name Sextus Tarquinius

Sextus Tarquinius

In love with virtuous and married woman Lucretia. She refuses him so he rapes her. She kills herself from shame and her husband puts together an army to defeat him. They win and this is a supposed origin of Rome

Patricians

elite, wealthy people who control senate in rome

senate in Rome

made up of wealthy magistrates who are patricians

Plebians

poor, in debt to patricians and mistreated by patricians

council of plebs

create own government of judges and laws, and established tribunes

tribunes

off limit judges of plebs

Struggle of orders

struggle of control between plebeians and patricians

Roman Conquest

creation of Roman empire through conquest

Law of 12 tables

recognize basic public rights of all free citizens of rome publicized

legion

group of military 4200-6000 men, powerful but only good at land war

Pax Roman “Roman Peace”

includes the conquered as citizens who get the same rights

Mithras

the deity of Mithraism, killed a bull as sacrifice

Mithraism

Persian religion, notion of sacrifice, people want to join military fro this religion

first punic war

Romes takes Southern part of Sicily which marks the first punic war between carthrage and Rome. no one really wins but Romans will claim otherwise

Hamilcar Barca

Carthage Leader during 1st punic war. Forced to surrender and dies in 229

Hannibal

next in line to rule carthage. promises his father to make rome their biggest enemy which begins the second punic war

Second Punic war

romans get arrogant and underestimate hannibal. he attacks romans in trebia river and defeats them greatly. Defeats entire roman army. Later fight in Zama and romans will win

Gaius Terentius Varro

arrogant roman officer who underestimates Hannibal. defeated

Scipio the Elder

new leader who was hired to unite rome ans defeat Carthage. so he attacks and leads through battle of Zama and wins

Zama

202: battle, rome vs carthage. Romans win and carthage looses everything but the city of carthage

Cato the elder

Roman leader who promises the destruction of Carthage as a political promise. Because of this politicians find reasons to continue war which leads to the 3rd Punic War

Third Punic War

an evenly matched slaughter. Scipio the younger defeats carthage and sells the survivors to slavery. They even level the city of carthage and curse it

Scipio the younger

adopted grandson of Scipio the Elder. Defeats carthage in third punic war

Optimates

the “new rich.” Roman senate members or magistrates. Represent “roman dream”

Equites/Equestrians

elite roman calvary. “preventative administrators.” some are tax collectors

Gladiators

slaves who fight each other for Roman entertainment

Spartacus

leader of gladiator uprising. recruit over 100,000 men but lack discipline and strategy

Dionysus (cult of Bacchus)

greek religion hated by romans because of rituals dominated by women and sex

Livy

historian of cult of Bacchus

Spurius Albinus

politician who executed cult of Bacchus and banned their rituals.

Druids//Druidism

celptic religion based on sacrifice. Had human sacrifice. No writings or buildings

Tiberius Gracchus

land reform was needed so he tries to make land available to roman farmers but in order to do this he takes land from the elite

Gaius Gracchus

Tiberius brother who takes over as tribune and gets tribune to be reelected. continues land reform and reduce power of the senate.

Populares

someone who had an appeal to the masses

Gracchi

plan to murder Tiberius and 300 followers. Were worried he was power hungry after trying to get reelected as tribune

Civil wars

Private armies of Marius and Sulla Arise. City of rome is occupied by Marius 1x and Sulla 2x. Sulla wins and creates a government of his poeple.

Gaius Marius

Leader after gaius gracchus. recruits impoverished romans to fight for him as he supplies weapons. This causes them to have loyalty to him over rome, creating a private army.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

seen as a “new man”. not from powerful people, creates roman republic.

First Triumvirate

3 men who benefit from each other: Pompey, Crassus, Julius Ceasar

Pompey

takes command of army in asia and palestine. Associated with Sulla. corrupt

Crassus

defeats Spartacus in gladiator uprising. Associated with Sulla. corrupt

Julius Caesar

not as well connected but great leader. Commander of army in Gaul. Defeats Gual and keeps going to brittain

Richbourough defeated:

Iceni, Picts, Brigante