Exam 1 - Lecture 2: Types of MM

define systematics

the study of biological diversity that has an emphasis on the reconstruction of phylogeny

define phylogeny

evolutionary history of a particular group of organisms (e.g., what does it mean to be a species is a very complicated topic that can separate based of morphology, interbreeding, etc.)

what is the purpose of systematics?

provides a framework for interpreting biological diversity

why is systematics important?

we have interest in our own personal phylogeny and family trees

the evolution of organisms matters

• to understand the trajectory of where were going and where we’ve been (survival of our spp, how will climate change affect our spp, how have spp evolved due to changing climate in the past)

• medical purposes (spp. related to us are used to test medicine to see how it will affect us for safety purposes)

What is A?

How do B and C relate?

define synapomorphy

define branching point

A = the oldest/ancestral group

B and C = sister taxa or monophyletic

synapomorphy = diagnosis clade, shared derived trait

branching point = speciation event

apomorphy = derived character that is unique to a species/lineage and is not shared by others

what is the purpose of taxonomy and classification?

identifies evolutionary relationships b/w and among animals

how do humans classify animals?

according to pattern in diversity, but recently w/ DNA

define taxonomy

formal naming and grouping of species to communicate

what is the importance of common ancestry in taxonomy and classification?

animals that have recent common ancestry share many features in common so they’re grouped together

define phylogeny

shared common evolutionary history, aka related

define phylogenetics

the study of evolutionary relationships

what is the order to taxonomic categories for mammals

Kingdom - Animalia

• Phylum - Chordata

  • Subphylum - Vertebrata

    • Class - Mammalia

      • Subclass- Prototheria

        • Order - Monotremia (egg laying mammals, no MM)

      • Subclass - Theria

        • Infraclass - Marsupialia (no MM)

        • Infraclass - Placentalia (MM here!!)

          • Orders = 18 total

define placenta

organ that grows when having a baby to provide blood flow and nutrient to the young

describe relatedness of humans to MM like cetaceans

to some degree we share a common ancestor until we get to order bc very different types of animals

define binomial nomenclature

what is the disadvantage of common names?

organism are identified by two names = genus and species

common names are not very precise (ex = spiny lobster means different species in different locations)

define IUCN

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

measures how endangered an animal is based on the number of individuals not so much the extent of their genetic diversity

define K-T extinction event

Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event occurred 65mya where the dinos and >96% marine life went extinct

define PETM

Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum occurred 55 mya marking the beginning of the rapid expansion of mammals starting w/ Cetaceans

Whales and Sirenians were 50mya

Pinnipeds were 29 mya

Sea otters were 7mya

Polar bears were 0.5mya

What are the 10 families in Order Cetacea

Balenopteridae, Esrichtiidae, Balaenidae, Neobalaenidae, Physeteridae, Ziphiidae, Platanistidae, Delphinidae, Monodontidae, Phocoenidae

What are the 5 families of Order Carnivora

Otariidae, Phocidae, Odobenidae, Mustelidae, Ursidae

What are the 2 families of Order Sirenia

Dugongidae, Trichechidae

what are the marine representatives of the 5 families of Order Carnivora

Otariidae = eared seals, sea lion, fur seals

Phocidae = true seals (“earless” bc lacking pinnid = flap over the ear but still have an ear represented by a hole)

Odobenidae = walrus

Mustelidae = otters (including marine and sea otters)

Ursidae = bears (including polar bear)

what is the Suborder of Order Carnivora?

Pinnipedia

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

what did this group evolve from?

what are the earliest fossils from?

evolved from terrestrial carnivores like lions, tigers, and bears

earliest fossils from early and mid miocene

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

how much does this group contribute to MM make up?

aka

what 3 families does it consist of?

what are 7 traits?

28% or 1/3 => this group has been around for the 2nd longest

“feather-footed”

Otariidae, Phocidae, Odobenidae

1) this group is MOST tide to land for resting and bearing pups

2) better adapted to aquatic lifestyle than bears and otters

3) large body size to compensate for temp. loss

4) fur and blubber

5) flippers (not a paw but it is webbed and has nails)

6) long whiskers, aka vibrissae

7) molt yearly

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

aka

how many spp?

what is their mating?

what key feature do they have?

describe vibrissae.

describe skin and fur

what is unique about their flippers?

aka fur seals and sea lions (eared seals)

16 spp.

Polygynous (1 male and multiple female) mating system, pronounced sexual dimorphism

contains pinnae = small external ear flaps

smooth vibrissae

light skin w/ double layer of fur => guardhairs are sparse and underfur is dense and traps air

can rotate hind flippers walk/run on land while in the water the high flippers steer while the front flippers swim

what is the 2 subfamilies of Family Otariidae

Otariinae and Artocephalinae

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Otariinae

Eumetopia jubatus

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

Stellar sea lion

largest Otariid

IUCN = near threatened, endangered in US (bc heavily hunted)

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Otariinae

Zalophus californianus

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

California sea lion

well known from zoos and circuses

porpoises out of water

IUCN = least concern

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Otariinae

Zalophus japonicus

aka

IUCN

Japanese sea lion

IUCN = extinct

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Otariinae

Zalophus wollebaeki

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

Galapagos sea lion

breeds exclusively on Galapagos Islands

IUCN = endangered

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Otariinae

Otaria flavescens

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

South American sea lion

STRONG/most pronounced sexual dimorphism

also noted for large male manes and harem-based breeding systems

IUCN = least concern

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Otariinae

Neophoca cinerea

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

Australian sea lion

females produce pup every 17-18 months

undergo embryonic diapause = males mate w/ females immediately after they give birth but bc female body is not ready for another pregnancy, the zygote pauses before it develops into the uterus until her body is ready to be pregnant again

IUCN = endangered (bc heavily hunted)

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Otariinae

Neophoca cinerea

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

New Zealand sea lion (Hooker’s sea lion)

large, heavy body

one of the rarest sea lion (naturally rare)

IUCN = endangered

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Artocephalinae

Callorhinus ursinus

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

Northern fur seal

extreme sexual dimorphism

longest hind-flippers of otarrids

IUCN = vulnerable

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Artocephalinae

Arctocephalus townsendi

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

Guadelupe fur seal

hunted to brink of extinction

IUCN = near threatened

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Artocephalinae

Arctocephalus philippii

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

Juan Fernandex fur seal

hunted to brink of extinction

IUCN = near threatened

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Artocephalinae

Arctocephalus galapagoensis

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

Galapagos fur seal

smallest otariid compact

LEAST sexually dimorphic

IUCN = endangered

Order Carnivora

Suborder Pinnipedia

Family Otariidae

Subfamily Artocephalinae

Arctocephalus australis

aka

fun fact(s)

IUCN

South American fur seal

large eyes

IUCN = LC