Psychology and Cognitive Development: Speech, Intelligence, Emotions, and Social Behavior

What is the difference between holophrastic and telegraphic speech?

Holophrastic speech (12-16 months) uses one word to represent a complete thought, while telegraphic speech combines two words to convey meaning.

What happens to an infant's ability to distinguish phonemes after 9 months?

After 9 months, infants can only distinguish phonemes in the language being spoken around them.

How is intelligence defined?

Intelligence is acting in ways that are adaptive for survival and reproduction.

How was IQ originally calculated?

It was defined by the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.

What IQ score is typically used to indicate intellectual impairment?

IQ scores below 70.

What is factor analysis?

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) in a test to identify dimensions of performance.

What is Spearman's theory of general intelligence (g)?

The theory that a general mental ability underlies specific mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence test.

What is savant syndrome?

A condition where a person with limited mental ability possesses an amazing specific skill, such as computation or drawing.

What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason and problem-solve independent of knowledge, while crystallized intelligence is acquired skills and knowledge developed over a lifespan.

What is the Flynn Effect?

The observation that IQ scores continue to improve at a rate of 3 points per decade.

What is the James-Lange Theory of emotion?

The theory that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience; we are scared because we tremble.

What are the two factors in the Two-Factor Theory of emotion?

Physical arousal and cognitive label.

What are the two intersecting factors of the circumplex model of emotion?

Arousal (calm to excited) and valence (positive to negative).

How is obesity defined?

A weight more than 20% above the norm for height and build.

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to over-attribute the behavior of others to dispositional causes while downplaying situational causes.

What is a normative influence in the context of conformity?

The desire to be liked and to avoid looking foolish, leading to conformity.

What does the out-group homogeneity effect state?

It states that out-group members are perceived as similar, while in-group members are viewed as diverse due to greater familiarity.

What is an implicit bias?

An unconscious bias.

What are the factors of attraction?

Proximity, familiarity, similarity, and the halo effect.

What is the bystander effect?

A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present, often due to diffusion of responsibility.

What is the difference between situational and dispositional attributions?

Situational attributions blame external factors for behavior, while dispositional attributions blame internal personality traits.

What is the McGurk Effect?

A perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception.

What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?

A hypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children's innate predisposition for language acquisition.

What is the whole-object constraint?

The assumption that a new word refers to the whole object rather than its parts or properties.

What is the definition of deindividuation?

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

What is the set-point in relation to weight?

The weight range in which your body is programmed to function optimally.