Karyotypes & Protein Synthesis - FINAL TERM Biology

Karyotype

A picture of all chromosomes in a cell.

Shows changes in chromosomes such as

when a person has too many or lacking

chromosomes;

Reveals the loss part of chromosome or

deletion;

Estimates distances between genes on

chromosome;

Shows possible location of gene

on a chromosome

Enumerate four (4) uses for karyotypes:

SRES

Turner syndrome

A chromosomal condition that alters development in females. Women with this condition tend to be shorter than average and are usually unable to conceive a child (infertile) because of an absence of ovarian function.

Down Syndrome

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability.

Trisomy 21

Another term for "Down Syndrome."

Human DNA

Consists of 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.

Human DNA

The genetic material that contains all the genetic information.

Human DNA

Responsible in controlling all cellular activities within living organisms.

Mitochondria (mtDNA)

Human DNA can be found in _____.

Nucleus

Human DNA can be found in _____.

Adenine and Guanine

Enumerate the two (2) Purine DNA bases (double ring):

Cytosine and Thymine

Enumerate the two (2) Pyrimidine DNA bases (sintering):

Thymine

Adenine pairs with _____.

Guanine

Cytosine pairs with _____.

Nucleotide

_____ is the building block made up of: four bases, five-carbon sugar deoxyribose, phosphate group.

Four bases; Five-carbon sugar deoxyribose; Phosphate group

Enumerate the three (3) parts the Nucleotide is made up of:

Watson and Crick

In 1953, they developed the structure of a DNA as a "double helical structure" since the structure contains two strands winding around each other.

5' and 3'

Indicate the carbon numbers in the DNA's sugar backbone.

5' carbon

Has a phosphate group attached to it.

3' carbon

Has a hydroxyl (-OH) group.

DNA replication

The 2 strands of DNA separate from one another when enzymes (helicase) break the hydrogen bond between them.

DNA replication

Produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand serves as a template, or model, for the new strand.

ATGCAA

In DNA replication, a strand that has the bases TACGTT produces a strand with the complementary bases ______.

DNA to RNA

In decoding genetic messages, a part of the nucleotide sequence will be copied from _____.

RNA molecules

Carry out the process of making proteins.

Deoxyribose

A sugar in DNA is called _____.

Ribose

A sugar in RNA is called _____.

A,T,G,C

DNA consists of _____ bases.

A,U,G,C

RNA consists of _____ bases.

Has

DNA has/does not have a helix.

Does not have

RNA has/does not have a helix.

Protein synthesis

Proteins inside the cell is responsible in controlling activities of the cell.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transcribes and copies the genetic information in making proteins from the DNA strand.

Nucleus

mRNA is found inside the _____.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Reads the copied information from the mRNA as codon code which contains three consecutive nitrogenous bases.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Starts to bring anticodon to the ribosomes; each anticodon contains a single type of amino acid.

Anticodon

Complementary copy of the mRNA codon.

Codon

A three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid.

Start Codon

Signals the start of translation (methionine).

AUG

Found at the 5'-end, the start codon.

End codon

Signals the end of the amino acid chain.

UAA, UAG, UGA

Enumerate three (3) Stop Codons:

Codons

Read as a series of three nonoverlapping nucleotides. A change in the reading frame change the resulting protein.

Translation

Stops when all codons are converted into amino acids and when a specific protein molecule is produced.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

States information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins.

Francis Crick

He defined Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.

DNA Replication

Copies DNA.

RNA Transcription

Converts a DNA message into an intermediate molecule, called RNA.

Protein Translation

Interprets RNA message into a string of amino acids, called a polypeptide which composes the protein.

Polypeptide

A string of amino acids which composes the protein.