Ethnicity and Inequality in Education Cartes | Quizlet

★AO2 Cultural Deprivation

Ethnic minorities can be held back with a lack of reasoning skills, a lack of problem-solving as well as poor language skills. E.g. spoken and written communication can be ungrammatical, disjointed and lack abstraction - restricted code.

AO3 Cultural Deprivation

However, Chinese, Indian and Bangladeshi students are outperforming British students in GCSEs.

★Moynihan: Vicious Cycle of Cultural Deprivation

The New Right argue that Black underachievement is due to...

1. Lack of male role models - "Single parent families breed delinquents." - Patricia Morgan;

2. Failure to embrace meritocratic British Culture;

3. Less resistant to racism and lack of self-esteem leads to failure (Pryce).

Family set up

Over 50% of Afro-Carribean families are lone-parent, with 90% being matrilocal.

This can lead to:

1. Financial struggles (hidden costs of free education);

2. Lack of father figure means a lack of role models (in terms of achievement);

3. Lack of disciplinarian/ instrumental male leading to misbehaviour at school.

Fatalism

Black students are more confident to place success or failure in exams down to the teacher or the exam questions, neglecting their agency of free will to affect the outcomes of exams.

Black Male Failure - Sewell

1. Lack of tough love - firm and fair parenting that mirrors school authority;

2. Lack of father figure means boys fail to overcome the emotional and behavioural difficulties with adolescence.

3. Street gang culture offers an alternative form of love and status through anti-school subcultures;

4. Peer pressure at school to not conform to the ideal pupil but TV and music representation of the idealised self (i.e. that's promoted by rap and other niche music).

AO3 Ethnicity on Achievement - Driver (1977)

Driver argues that it ignores the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. The single parent matriarchal family empowers Black girls and leads to better outcomes.

AO3 Ethnicity on Achievement - Lawrence (1982)

Lawrence argues that Pryce is wrong. Black pupils underachieve because of racism in education and not because of low self-estteem (victim blaming)..

AO3 Ethnicity on Achievement - Keddie

Keddie argues that BAME children are culturally different and not culturally deprived. Schools are ethnocentric (i.e. dominantly white - 11% of GCSE modules reference Black history) in terms of the teachers that run them and the formal curriculum they teach.

Define Ethnocentric

The running of schools is done in a way that supports the majority ethnic perspective (i.e. White British).

AO3 Ethnicity on Achievement

The school curriculum often excludes positive representations of Black or Asian culture and teaches their history through the narrative f White colonialism (e.g. the Slave Trade and the Civil Rights movement). BAME communities are symbolically annihilated through their omission from the curriculum in terms of positive stories.

AO1 Material Deprivation

Refers to a lack of physical necessities to live and thrive in a normal society due to a lack of wealth or income.

BAME members of society are more likely to face material deprivation.

AO1 Material Deprivation BAME members of society are more likely to face material deprivation...

1. 50%of BAME children in low-income households vs 25% of white children.

2. BAME unemployment double that of White community.

3. Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers are twice as likely to be on the minimum wage than White counterparts.

4. BAME community more likely to work shift patterns (e.g. night shifts - less time to discuss issues arounnd the dinner table and less help with homework or cultural capital activities e.g. museum visits. May miss parent's evening and open evenings. Also impacts sleep patterns, making lack of conventions at school).

5. Live in deprived areas (considered market forces. 90% of OFSTED family schemes are in deprived areas. Externalising behaviours brought into schools: fights, gang rivalry. More likely to form anti-school subcultures).

6. Muslim purdah prevents some women from working outside of the home.

7. Overseas less valued or recognised by employers effecting the children of migrants (could drive fatalism in children if parents' hard work overseas not recognised by industry in the UK). Asylum seekers are usually not allowed to work

AO1 Racism in Wider Society

Education is racist because society is racist.

AO2 Racism in Wider Society

1. Poverty or material deprivation is often caused or made worse by racism.

- Rex argues that discrimination in housing often drives ethnic minorities into substandard accommodation in deprived areas - poor housing (LINK).

2. Wood argues that discrimination in employment leads ethnic minorities to low paid work or unemployment.

3. Ethnic minorities were 50% less likely to receive an interview for a job compared to a white person - lack of upward mobility - catchment areas.

AO3 Racism in Wider Society

Connolly argues that class, gender and ethnicity overlap in different ways for different students. We overestimate the importance of material deprivation compared to cultural deprivation. Indian and Chinese students who are materially deprived still outperform m/c White children; 86% of female Chinese students of FSM achieved 5A*-C grades compared to 65% of female White students not in receipt of FSM.